Nervous System Functioning
Divisions of the CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord
Hormone involved in chronic stress
Cortisol
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Acronyms, acrostics, the method of loci
Sung narratives, songlines
EEG
a device that detects, amplifies, and records the electrical activity of the brain
Glutamate
the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system
alarm reaction (shock and countershock)
resistance
exhaustion
Operant Conditioning Stages
Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence
Types of LTM
Explicit (semantic, episodic)
Implicit (procedural, classically conditioned memory)
Biological Rhythms (2)
Circadian (sleep-wake cycle)
Ultradian (Sleep cycles e.g. REM and NREM)
Name two neuromodulators
Dopamine (voluntary motor movement, pleasure, reward-based learning)
Serotonin (regulation of mood and sleep)
Stages of Lazarus and Folkman’s TMSC
Compare reinforcement and punishment
Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Punishment: A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory
Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Characteristics of sleep for Old Age (75+)
Sleep duration: 6 hours
The proportion of REM and NREM sleep remains fairly constant at 20% REM and 80% NREM sleep.
Older adults tend to experience advanced sleep phase syndrome, which is a biological shift forward in their sleep-wake cycle, meaning they become sleepier earlier and wake up earlier.
Define Spinal Reflex
an unconscious response to sensory stimuli that is initiated by interneurons in the spinal cord independently of the brain
Define the gut-brain axis
the bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous systems
Stages of observational learning
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation, Reinforcement
Hippocampus
(in relation to memory) a brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding explicit memories
Zeitgebers (4)
Daylight, blue light, temperature, eating and drinking patterns
Mechanisms of synaptic plasticity
Sprouting (LTP)
Rerouting
Pruning (LTD)
GBA emerging research findings
A rich and diverse gut microbiota is associated with greater levels of overall health, therefore having more positive influences on psychological processes and behaviour.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approaches to learning
Learning as a multimodal system of knowledge
Learning as embedded in relationships
Strength & Limitation of Atkinson-Shiffrin
S: distinguishes between the different stores involved in memory, each memory store has a different capacity and duration, Findings from memory studies support the distinction between STM and LTM outlined in the model. The model can help explain why amnesia patients may have difficulty retrieving memories from LTM or encoding information from STM to LTM
L: oversimplified, ignores factors, such as motivation and strategy, does not account for individual differences in memory processes, storage duration, and capacity
Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)
a type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder in which sleep and waking occur later than usual