Cell Organelles
This organelle contains digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules, damaged cellular components, or ingested materials through phagocytosis.
What is a lysosome?
The fluid mosaic model describes plasma membranes as composed primarily of a bilayer of these amphipathic molecules.
What are phospholipids?
Water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential toward an area of this.
What is lower water potential (or higher solute concentration)?
These specialized transmembrane protein channels dramatically increase the rate of water passage across the cell membrane via facilitated diffusion.
What are aquaporins?
Smaller cells are generally more efficient at exchange with their environment because they possess a higher value of this.
What is the surface area-to-volume ratio?
Compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells offers this major structural advantage over prokaryotic cells.
What is folding membranes/creating distinct internal environments
These two types of small, nonpolar molecules freely pass through the phospholipid bilayer without the aid of transport proteins.
What are O2 and CO2(oxygen and carbon dioxide / steroid hormones / nonpolar gases)?
When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the vacuole and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall in a process called this.
What is plasmolysis?
Unlike passive transport, active transport requires metabolic energy (such as ATP) because it moves solutes in this direction.
What is against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration)?
According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from these types of organisms.
What are free-living prokaryotes (or aerobic/photosynthetic bacteria)?
This organelle consists of two distinct regions: one studded with ribosomes that synthesizes membrane and secretory proteins, and another smooth region that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies metabolic byproducts. (name both parts)
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (or rough and smooth ER)?
This component of the plasma membrane acts as a temperature buffer, preventing fluid loss at high temperatures and hindering tight packing at low temperatures.
What is cholesterol?
Red blood cells placed in a distilled water solution will swell and burst due to water moving into this type of environment relative to the cytoplasm.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Macrophages engulf large bacterial cells or debris into large vesicles using this energy-requiring bulk transport process.
What is phagocytosis (or endocytosis)?
Name two structural pieces of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
What are double membranes, circular DNA, prokaryotic-like 70S ribosomes, or binary fission replication? (Any two)
This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from the rough endoplasmic reticulum for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
What is the Golgi apparatus (or Golgi body)?
Highly polar or charged molecules (such as glucose or sodium ions) cannot easily pass directly through the lipid bilayer because of this region of the membrane.
What is the hydrophobic core (nonpolar fatty acid tails)?
The formula for solute potential is Psi s = -iCRT. In pure water in an open beaker, the total water potential (Psi) equals this value.
What is 0?
These membrane proteins form hydrophilic passages through the lipid bilayer, allowing specific ions or polar molecules to cross rapidly down their concentration gradient.
What are channel proteins (or protein channels / ion channels)?
Root hair cells and intestinal microvilli possess specialized membrane adaptations designed to overcome surface area limitations without significantly increasing this metric.
What is cell volume?
In plant cells, light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane, while the carbon-fixation reactions (Calvin cycle) occur in this fluid region.
What is the stroma?
An artificial membrane permeable only to water and small monosaccharides separates two solutions: Side A (1M sucrose, 2M glucose) and Side B (2M sucrose, 1M glucose). Predict the net direction of glucose movement and explain why sucrose does not move across the membrane.
What is glucose moves from Side A to Side B (down its concentration gradient), and sucrose is too large/disaccharide to pass through the membrane's selective pores?
A 0.15M sucrose solution is placed in an open beaker at 27C (300K). Using the ionization constant i = 1 for sucrose and the gas constant R = 0.0831 LbarmolK, calculate the solute potential (Psi_s) of the solution in bars.
What is -3.74 bars
Secondary active transport (cotransport) does not directly use ATP. Explain how this process relies on primary active transport to move a molecule against its concentration gradient.
What is primary active transport uses ATP to create a concentration gradient, and the down-gradient flow of that ion provides the energy to drive the second solute against its gradient?
Identify the organelle pathway a newly synthesized extracellular protein travels through from its origin to secretion.
What is the Rough ER > Golgi apparatus > Secretory Vesicles > Plasma Membrane pathway?