DNA & GENES
(Leslie)
(Leslie)
DNA strands run antiparallel in these two directions.
What are 5′→3′ and 3′→5′?
This molecule is the cell’s most widely used activated carrier of energy
What is ATP?
Information needed for a protein to fold into its correct 3-D structure is primarily contained in this.
What is the amino-acid sequence?
These are the three major domains of life.
What are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes?
specialized chromosome ends
What are Telomeres
A term that describes the complete genetic information contained in an organism.
What is the genome?
These weak attractions help stabilize the shapes of biological molecules without forming covalent bonds.
What are noncovalent interactions?
Because of its rigid structure, this amino acid can disrupt an αlpha-helix.
What is proline?
This molecule stores hereditary information in all living cells.
What is DNA?
Chromatin state that is considered open and active or transcriptionally active
What is Euchromatin ?
Most genes contain instructions for producing this type of molecule, which may ultimately encode a protein.
What is RNA?
This process breaks one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
This level of protein structure describes the overall 3-D folding of a single polypeptide chain
What is tertiary structure?
This process uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
What is transcription?
strain generated by over or under winding of DNA
What is DNA supercoiling?
These two types of sequences are found within many eukaryotic genes; one stays in mature mRNA and is usually shorter in humans while the other is removed during RNA processing.
What are exons and introns?
This quantity determines whether a chemical reaction can occur spontaneously
What is free-energy change (ΔG)?
When a protein and ligand are at equilibrium, their association rate is equal to this rate.
What is the dissociation rate?
These genes arise when one ancestral gene is duplicated and the copies diverge within the same genome.
What are paralogs?
Specialized chromosomal region for kinetochore assembly.
What is a centromere?
This form of natural selection eliminates harmful mutations that interfere with important gene functions.
What is purifying selection?
These electron carriers are used differently in cells, with one mainly supporting energy production and the other mainly supporting biosynthetic reactions.
What are NADH and NADPH?
In this type of regulation, binding at one site on a protein decreases activity or binding at another site.
What is negative allosteric regulation?
This theory explains the evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from ancient bacterial cells living inside another cell.
What is endosymbiosis?
Reverse transcriptase responsible for solving our genome inability to fully replicate lagging strand ends.
What are Telomerase enzymes ?