Dental Disorders
Explain the difference between tartar vs plaque
Plaque is non mineralized
Tartar is mineralized
Motor innervation to the pharyngeal constrictors, shorteners, and dilators is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus, which is formed primarily by branches of these two major cranial nerves
Vagus nerve (CN X) and glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
A 6-month-old German Shepherd puppy presents for regurgitation of solid food shortly after weaning. Contrast radiography reveals severe dilation of the esophagus localized specifically cranial to the heart
persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
In the equine stomach, this distinct, raised muscular line serves as the internal mucosal boundary separating the proximal non-glandular, stratified squamous mucosa from the distal glandular mucosa
margo plicatus
Although the Migrating Motility Complex cleanses the empty gastrointestinal tract, it presents a distinct clinical hazard in veterinary patients because it can cause this complication
small intestinal foreign body obstruction
In dogs and cats, this specific bacterial genus accounts for approximately 98% of the gastric mucosal microbiota and is found in high abundance in both healthy animals and those exhibiting chronic vomiting
Helicobacter spp.
Severe, chronic vomiting secondary to persistent gastritis results in the loss of gastric hydrochloric acid and fluids, predictably inducing dehydration, hemoconcentration, and this systemic acid-base/electrolyte disorder
hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
When designing a medical protocol for gastric ulceration, targeting the parietal cell's final common pathway of acid secretion involves inhibiting this specific transmembrane enzyme complex
H+/K+ ATPase pump (or proton pump)
A 2-year-old male neutered Labrador Retriever is brought to the clinic 30 minutes after ingesting a dark chocolate bar. The veterinarian decides to induce decontamination using an FDA-approved emetic formulation delivered as ophthalmic drops into the conjunctival sac. Within 15 minutes, the dog vomits the ingested chocolate. Following emesis, the dog exhibits mild, transient conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm. Which drug was administered, and what is its specific mechanism of action?
Ropinirole — Full dopamine agonist with high selectivity for dopamine receptors
A 5-month-old puppy recovering from a severe viral infection develops pitted, brown-stained lesions across the enamel crowns of its newly erupting permanent teeth. This developmental defect, known as enamel hypoplasia, results from viral damage to which specific enamel-depositing cell layer prior to tooth eruption
Ameloblasts
Caused by viruses like BVD, Distemper and drugs like tertacyclines
A swine producer reports that a young pig developed severe respiratory distress and acute hemorrhage following an attempted administration of an oral drenching medication. Anatomical evaluation reveals mucosal perforation into a blind pouch situated dorsally above the entrance to the esophagus. This species-specific anatomical structure is known by this name
pharyngeal diverticulum
A dog from a warm climate presents with dysphagia, an aortic aneurysm, and spondylosis deformans along the thoracic vertebrae. Necropsy reveals a fibrosarcoma in the distal esophagus arising adjacent to a chronic aortic granuloma. Infection with this parasitic nematode
Spirocerca lupi
A gelding suffering from severe gastric distension cannot relieve intraluminal pressure through eructation or emesis, predisposing the stomach to catastrophic rupture This physiological inability to vomit is primarily due what 2 reasons
Sharp angle at which the esophagus enters the stomach and a strong cardiac sphincter
When the enteric immune system (GALT, Peyer's patches, and mucosal leukocytes) is challenged by pathogens, it releases pro-inflammatory cytokines that trigger this hypermotility response to flush out toxins
peristaltic rush
Evaluated via a validated quantitative PCR assay requiring approximately 1 gram of canine feces, the Dysbiosis Index (DI) summarizes changes in seven key bacterial taxa into a single number. A DI score greater than this threshold indicates a significant shift in overall intestinal microbial diversity in dogs
>2
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids predispose animals to gastric ulceration primarily by depressing the synthesis of these two protective prostanoids.
prostaglandins
In canine and feline medicine, proton-pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and esomeprazole are indicated for treating gastric ulcers caused by
NSAID induced ulcers or cancerous ulcers
A 1-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat presents after ingesting a rubber hair tie 45 minutes ago. The attending veterinarian attempts to induce emesis. Knowing that significant species differences exist between canine and feline emetic pathways, which class of emetic agents is effective in cats by stimulatingwhat receptors
Alpha 2 agonists
During a pre-purchase examination of a foal, a veterinarian notes a congenital jaw deformity where a abnormally short mandible leads to maxillary protrusion, commonly called "parrot mouth"
brachygnathia
During the involuntary pharyngeal phase of deglutition, a wave of peristaltic contraction propels the food bolus into the cranial esophageal sphincter. This sequential contraction is executed by these three pharyngeal constrictor muscles
hyopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, and cricopharyngeus muscles
A 7-year-old dog presents with generalized muscle weakness, weight loss, and regurgitation of undigested food. Thoracic radiographs confirm acquired megaesophagus with esophageal dilation extending cranial to the stomach most likely has what disease
myasthenia gravis?
Histopathological evaluation of the fundic gland mucosa reveals large, eosinophilic cells located in the body and neck of the gastric glands that utilize carbonic anhydrase to pump hydrogen ions into the lumen. These specialized cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
parietal cells
Dogs presenting with systemic mast cell tumors frequently develop severe gastric ulceration, vomiting, and melena because mast cells release massive quantities of this mediator into circulation to overstimulate parietal cells
Histamine
Non-digestible carbohydrates, such as plant fibers like inulin, that pass unabsorbed into the colon to selectively feed and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria are classified as this type of agent
Pre-Biotics
In penned pigs fed finely ground, high-carbohydrate rations, gastric ulcers develop almost exclusively in the non-glandular esophageal region surrounding the cardia because this region completely lacks these protective element
glands that produce protective mucus and bicarbonate
A 10-year-old Quarter Horse gelding suffering from chronic laminitis is treated with cimetidine for gastric ulceration. When reviewing the patient's concurrent medication chart, the attending veterinarian realizes that cimetidine alters the hepatic metabolism of several co-administered drugs. Through which specific mechanism does cimetidine cause drug interactions?
Inhibition of hepatic Cytochrome P450 (CYP450
: A 5-year-old Golden Retriever undergoing cancer chemotherapy with cisplatin develops intractable vomiting and severe nausea. The oncologist selects an anti-emetic that specifically blocks serotonin receptors both peripherally on visceral afferents and centrally in the CRTZ. Which drug was administered, and what route is recommended due to its short half-life?
Ondansetron
Arising from epithelial remnants of the dental lamina or enamel organ (cell rests of Malassez), this locally invasive, osteolytic dental tumor features histopathology that closely mimics the enamel organ
Ameloblastoma
Within the brainstem neural circuit controlling deglutition, afferent signals integrated by the solitary tract nucleus activate the central pattern generator (CPG) for swallowing in the reticular formation, which subsequently directs motor output through motoneurons located in this specific motor nucleus
nucleus ambiguus
An adult beef cow with a history of grazing on pastures containing bracken fern presents with progressive dysphagia, regurgitation, and weight loss. At necropsy, an intraluminal epithelial tumor is identified in the esophagus. Co-infection with this viral agent acts synergistically with bracken fern toxicity to induce esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in cattle
bovine papillomavirus
In the pyloric gland region, these specialized enteroendocrine cells secrete a peptide hormone directly into the bloodstream that acts on fundic parietal cells to stimulate hydrochloric acid production and enhance gastric motility
G cells
A 4-year-old German Shepherd is presented with a 2-month history of severe weight loss despite a polyphagic appetite, accompanied by voluminous, pale, greasy diarrhea. Diagnostic testing confirms Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) alongside profoundly low serum cobalamin (Vitamin B12) levels what essential glycoprotein is missing
Intrinsic factor
Living microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host by competing with pathogens and modulating intestinal mucosal barrier function are known as this
probiotics
In small animal veterinary practice, what is considered the single most effective diagnostic modality for directly visualizing, evaluating, and biopsying mucosal lesions in cases of chronic gastritis
endoscopy
A 4-year-old female Beagle presents with deep gastric ulceration following accidental overdose with ibuprofen. The clinician wants to prescribe a medication that directly forms a protective paste over the ulcer bed by binding to positively charged proteins in damaged mucosa, but notes it will not prevent future gastritis if used prophylactically
Sucralfate
When administered orally at concentrations up to 3%, hydrogen peroxide stimulates emesis by irritating mucosal receptors that send afferent signals along this specific cranial nerve
9th cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal nerve)
A 7-year-old horse presents with a draining fistulous tract along the mandible and an apical dental abscess. Pathogenesis reveals that feed material became packed into an upper cheek tooth cup due to incomplete pre-eruptive cementum deposition, fostering bacterial acid production and dentin demineralization. What initiating developmental defect predisposed the horse to this condition
Infundibular impaction
Pharmacological agents targeting smooth muscle motility fail to alter peristalsis in the esophageal body of dogs and ruminants. This therapeutic limitation is explained by which specific histological feature of their esophageal muscularis coat
100% skeletal muscle
A 12-year-old mare presents with bilateral green nasal discharge containing masticated forage and saliva, accompanied by ptyalism, coughing, and repeated, forceful attempts to swallow. This profuse nasal discharge of feed material is a pathognomonic clinical sign of this primary upper GI emergency
Choke
Blood supply to the greater curvature of the monogastric stomach is provided by an arterial arch formed by the direct anastomosis of these two specific vessels
left gastroepiploic artery and right gastroepiploic artery?
When food enters the proximal stomach (fundus), distension activates stretch receptors that send vagal afferent signals to the medulla, triggering vagal motor efferents to release this inhibitory neurotransmitter to allow muscular relaxation without increasing intraluminal pressure
Nitric Oxide
Potential donors for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation must be excluded if their dietary history includes feeding this type of diet, due to the high risk of subclinical pathogen transmission
Raw Diet
Granulomatous gastritis—characterized by macrophage infiltration, postprandial discomfort, cachexia, and pyloric obstruction is classically caused by deep mycoses such as Histoplasma capsulatum or infection by this bacterial genus
Mycobacterium
A 12-year-old Thoroughbred gelding undergoing high-dose phenylbutazone therapy for chronic osteoarthritis develops hypoproteinemia, ventral edema, and profuse watery diarrhea. Right dorsal colitis secondary to NSAID toxicity is diagnosed. Which prostaglandin analog has demonstrated anecdotal clinical benefits for preventing or treating right dorsal colitis associated with phenylbutazone in horses?
Misoprostol
Beyond its primary role as a broad-spectrum anti-emetic, maropitant produces these two additional therapeutic effects in clinical patients
analgesia and decreased coughing