Viruses
Fungal Lifestyles/Structures
Fungal Reproduction/Evolution
Fungal Groups
Fungal Diseases/DNA Technology
100

What is the protein coat surrounding a virus? 

What is a capsid? 

100

Whats are the threadlike structures that make up most fungi? 

What is hyphae? 

100

What are the two main types of fungal reproduction ? 

What are sexual and asexual reproduction?

100

What are the major groups of fungi covered for this exam? 

What are Chytrids, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Glomeromycetes, Zygomycetes ? 

100

What is ergotism and what fungus causes it? 

What is disease caused by consuming ergot, produced by Calviceps Purpurea and can infect grains such as rye. 

200
What are the two types of genetic materials that viruses contain? 

What is DNA and RNA 

200

What are the three major fungal lifestyles, based on how fungi obtain nutrients? 

What are decomposers, mutualists, and parasites? 

200

What is the difference between plasmogamy and karyogamy? 

What is plasmogamy is the fusion of the cytoplasm between two fungal cells while karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei of two fungal cells? 
200

Which fungal group produces motile, flagellated spores? 

What is chytrids? 
200

What are two symptoms of ergotism? 

What is gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations, and temporary insanity? 

300

What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles? 

What is the lytic cycle produces new viruses and lyses the cell, while the lysogenic cycle replicates the phage genome without destroying the host cell? 

300
How do decomposers, parasites, and mutualists obtain nutrients? 

What is decomposers obtain nutrients from dead organic matters, parasites obtain nutrients from living hosts and harm them, and mutualists exchange nutrients or other benefits with hosts? 

300

What is the heterokaryotic stage in fungal reproduction? 

What is the stage in which the cytoplasms of two fungal cells fuse but their nuclei are not fused. 

300

Which fungal group forms arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots, and why is this relationship important? 

What is glomeromycetes? They help plants absorb nutrients in exchanges for sugars and other organic compounds. 

300

What are restriction enzymes and what do they do to DNA? 

What are enzymes that recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave DNA at those recognition sites. 
400

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical tranmission? 

What is horizontal transmission is caused by entering of disease through damaged cell walls and vertical transmission is passed from parent to offspring? 

400

What is mycorrhiza and how does the fungus benefit? 

What is a mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi where fungi obtain sugar and other organic compound from the plants? 

400

Which group of organisms are fungi most closely related to and what does this tell us about their evolutionary history? 

What is animals. Fungi and animals share a common ancestor and belong to opisothokont clade? 

400

Which fungal groups includes plant pathogens, decomposers, and symbionts? Which fungal group includes mushrooms and puffballs? 

What is ascomycetes? What is basidiomycetes? 

400

What is a DNA palindrome and why is it important for many restriction enzymes? 

What is a DNA sequence that reads the same in the 5' to 3' direction on both complementary strands. Many restriction enzymes recognize these sites. 
500

For the influenza virus H1N1, what does the H and the N stand for and what do they identify? 

What is the H stands for hemaggluttinin and the N stands for nueraminidase, viral surface proteins used to classify infleunza A? 

500

How do fungi differ from most multicellular organisms in how they obtain nutrients? 

What is fungi secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings and absorb the resulting nutrients rather than ingesting food. 
500

Why can sexual reproduction benefit fungi and what advantage can asexual reproduction provide? 

What is sexual reproduction provides genetic variation while asexual reproduction allows rapid reproduction without compatible partner. 

500

What is a lichen? What important ecological role does it play? 

What is a symbiotic association between fungus and photosynthetic microorganism? What are important pioneers in rock weathering? 

500

How can you determine whether a hypothetical restriction enzyme recognize a DNA sequence? 

What is by comparing DNA strand to restriction enzyme recognition sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. If recognition sequence is absent from DNA strand, the enzyme will not cleave DNA?