Crime Measurement and Youth
Which federal program collects police-reported data on offenses known to law enforcement in the United States?
What is the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program?
Which school of criminology emphasizes free will and the ability to choose whether to commit an offense?
What is the classical school?
Which school of criminology seeks to explain offending through factors such as biology, psychology, and social environment rather than free will alone?
What is the positivist school?
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which part of personality operates according to the pleasure principle?
What is the id?
Which sociologist developed a model of city growth organized in rings around a central business district?
Who is Ernest Burgess?
A teenager wants expensive clothing but feels unable to afford it through legal means. Which criminologist's theory explains how this gap can contribute to deviance?
Who is Robert Merton?
Which national survey asks individuals about their experiences as victims of crime, including crimes not reported to police?
What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
Which Italian philosopher argued that laws and punishments should be proportionate and that punishment should not be arbitrary?
Who is Cesare Beccaria?
Which Italian criminologist developed an early theory connecting criminality to physical characteristics and evolutionary throwbacks?
Who is Cesare Lombroso?
Researchers investigate whether nutritional deficiencies, blood sugar levels, and dietary factors may influence mood, impulse control, and aggressive behavior in juveniles. Which biological approach examines how these factors may relate to delinquency?
What is the biochemical approach to crime?
What is the name of the urban area near the central business district that was central to early Chicago School delinquency research?
What is the zone in transition?
A student experiences bullying, family conflict, and repeated negative treatment at school, leading to anger and delinquent behavior. Which theory best explains this process?
What is Agnew's General Strain Theory?
Which research method asks people to disclose their own involvement in illegal or delinquent behavior?
What are self-report surveys?
Which English philosopher developed utilitarianism and argued that people consider pleasure and pain when making decisions?
Who is Jeremy Bentham?
What term did Lombroso use for physical features he believed indicated a criminal predisposition?
What are stigmata?
Which part of Freud's model represents internalized rules, morals, and ideals?
What is the superego?
Which two researchers studied neighborhood patterns of juvenile delinquency in Chicago and found that rates persisted despite population changes?
Who are Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay?
A student struggles to earn respect through academic success and instead gains recognition from peers by breaking rules. Which theory explains this search for alternative status?
Who is Albert Cohen?
A 15-year-old repeatedly skips school and violates a curfew that applies only to minors. What legal category may apply?
What is a status offense?
In deterrence theory, what term describes how quickly punishment follows an offense?
What is swiftness?
What term describes Lombroso's proposed reappearance of traits associated with earlier evolutionary stages?
What is atavism?
What is the name of Freud's approach to understanding behavior through unconscious conflicts and early experiences?
What is psychoanalysis?
Name one neighborhood condition that may weaken informal social control and community connections.
Examples include residential instability, concentrated disadvantage, or weakened community institutions.
Merton identified five ways individuals adapt to society’s cultural goals and approved means. Name the five adaptations.
What are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion?
In this 1967 Supreme Court case, a teenager faced delinquency proceedings without being properly informed of the charges or having adequate access to legal representation. Which landmark case established important due process protections for juveniles?
What is In re Gault (1967)?
A teenager leaves a laptop unattended in an unlocked classroom, and another student takes it while no one is supervising the room. Which element of routine activities theory is missing?
What is a capable guardian?
Which American psychologist classified physiques into three somatotypes and associated one of them with delinquency?
Who is William Sheldon?
A young person displays persistent callousness, manipulativeness, and little remorse. What psychological construct might be relevant, without automatically predicting criminal behavior?
What is psychopathy?
Residents in a neighborhood rarely interact, youth programs are limited, and neighbors seldom intervene when teens engage in trouble. According to social disorganization theory, what community factor is weakened?
What is informal social control?
: According to Cohen, what term describes the frustration young people experience when they cannot achieve status through traditional measures of success?
What is status frustration?
This principle historically justified the juvenile court's rehabilitative approach by treating the state as a substitute parent for children in need of care or supervision.
What is parens patriae?
A teenager notices an expensive phone left unattended on a cafeteria table and considers stealing it. The teenager’s decision to commit the theft illustrates which of the three key elements of routine activities theory?
What are motivated offenders?
Which of Sheldon's three body types did he associate most strongly with delinquency, and how was it characterized?
The mesomorph: a muscular, athletic physique.
Henry Goddard studied families and argued that a hereditary condition was linked to criminal behavior. His work is now criticized for flawed research and eugenic assumptions. Which inherited condition did he claim was associated with delinquency?
What is feeblemindedness, a historical term associated with intellectual disability?
A neighborhood experiences frequent moves, making it difficult for residents to build lasting relationships or work together to address youth crime. According to social disorganization theory, which neighborhood condition contributes to this problem?
What is residential instability?
According to Agnew’s General Strain Theory, which source of strain occurs when a person experiences bullying, abuse, or other unwanted circumstances?
What is the presentation of negative stimuli?