Intro to Anatomy
Give an example of Anatomy vs. Physiology.
Structure of the heart is anatomy.
How the heart pumps blood is physiology.
SPECIAL QUESTION: Draw the three reaction types on the board.
Synthesis, Decomposition, and Exchange. 100pts EACH
Board
What is diffusion?
Movement from high->low conc.
What are the four major tissue types? (25pts each)
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous
What are the three layers of skin from superficial (top) to deep (bottom)
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous
Use two anatomical terms to describe the elbow. (100pts each)
Superior to hand/wrist.
Inferior to shoulder.
Posterior/dorsal side of body.
Lateral to shoulder when arms raised...etc.
What are the 4 major elements of the body? (50pts each)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Integral vs. Peripheral proteins.
Integral-both sides
Peripheral-one side
Where is simple squamous epithelium found? (100pts)
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Sites of diffusion
Bladder-stretch
What are two things you find in the Dermis?
-Melanocytes
-Hair follicles
-Sebaceous/Sweat glands
-Dermal papillae
-Sensory receptors
Body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward
Describe where protons, neutrons, and electrons are located as well as their charge.
Protons: Nucleus, positive
Neutrons: Nucleus, neutral
Electrons: Shells, negative
What are the three parts of a composite cell and function?
Nucleus-DNA
Cytoplasm-organelles and fluid (cytosol)
Cell membrane-boundary
Three muscle tissues and location. Voluntary or Involuntary.
Skeletal-Connected to bones-Voluntary
Smooth-Walls of hollow internal organs-Involuntary
Cardiac-Heart-Involuntary
Melanocytes produce melanin.
What are two functions of melanin? (200pts)
What determines skin color? (100pts)
-protects DNA of skin cells from UV/sun radiation
-skin and hair pigment
Skin color determined by how much melanin the melanocytes produce. Everyone has same # of melanocytes.
Explain Negative feedback. Give an example. (200pts)
Explain Positive feedback. Give an example. (200pts)
Returning to set point. Ex. Blood pressure.
Accelerating to end goal. Ex. Childbirth.
Describe ionic vs. covalent bonds and give an example of each.
Words to use in your description: Shells, stable, electrons.
Ionic: One atom donates an electron and one receives an electron. Creates oppositely-charged particles attracted to one another. Ex. Na+Cl-
Covalent: Sharing of electrons to create a stable shell. Ex. H2
What are the four stages of Mitosis?
Prophase: DNA condenses
Metaphases: Chromosomes line up middle
Anaphase: Pulled apart
Telophase: One cell -> Two cell
Describe four types of Connective tissues.
Answers
What are the four symptoms of inflammation?
Stand up and show the class the difference between a Sagittal, Coronal, and Transverse section.
Sagittal = Side to Side
Coronal = Front and back
Transverse = Up and Down
Draw the pH scale on the board (100pts)
List Acidic, Neutral, and Basic. (300pts)
List the normal range of blood pH (100pts).
Neutral: 7
Acidic: <7
Basic: >7
Blood pH: 7.35-7.45
Pick 5 organelles and give their main functions. (100pts each)
What is the difference between Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine glands? Give an example of each.
Merocrine-secretion Ex. Saliva
Apocrine-part of cell + secretion Ex. Breast milk
Holocrine- whole cell + secretion Ex. Sebaceous glands
How does our body respond to excess heat (hyperthermia)?
How does our body respond to excess cooling (hypothermia)?
Vasodilation of blood vessels in the dermis -> more blood enters skin (blood carries heat) and is released from the body. Sweat glands activate.
Vasoconstriction->keeps blood and heat in. Sweat glands inactivate. Shivering (involuntary m. contraction) -> releases heat.