Signaling
What structure do all Steriod hormones have
4 ring structure
What type of transport required energy
active transport
What type of reaction has a positive delta G?
Endergonic
Found in leaves, this structure is responsible for the first step in pulling up water from the ground.
Stomata
What regulates stomata?
Guard Cells
What direction does water move in osmosis
low ->
What makes a molecule go slower across a membrane? What type of molecule goes the slowest?
The larger, and more polar
Ions are the hardest to cross
What is the name for the idea that enzymes change shape slightly upon substrate binding to create the optimal catalytic conformation
Induced fit model
What structure is responsible for selective uptake in the roots?
Casparian strip (endodermis)
The cuticle prevents water loss in what tissue?
Upper Epidermis
how simple diffusion be regulated by the cell?
Trick question- It can't
How do cells solve Electrostatic repulsion in transport?
Proteins shield molecules from lipids
where to reactions occur in the enzyme?
active site
What allows transfer of nutrients from companion cells?
plasmodesmata
What do large holes allow in sieve tubes?
Bulk Flow
Where are polar amino acids found in a membrane channel?
Inside of transport protein
What type of transport does glucose use?
facilitated diffusion
How do enzymes lower activation energy
provide alternative reaction pathways, stabilize transition site
Tightly packed columnar cells, 30-50% chloroplasts
Palisade
Mesophyll
What does unloading do the the pressure?
It decreases
When water molecules are around an ion, what do they form?
hydration shell
What is a type of transport that doesn't involve a integral membrane protein
simple diffusion, using a carrier protein
How can you turn an endergonic reaction exergonic?
couple it with a favorable reaction
What structure is the xylem near in leafs?
Stomata
What tissue allows for Air spaces and CO₂ diffusion network from stomata to all cells
Spongy Mesophyll