226 Review

Cell membranes

100

The cell membrane is primarily composed of the ___________ bilayer

Phospholipid

200

This model describes the arrangement of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane, emphasizing its dynamic nature

Fluid Mosaic Model

300

What 3 factors influence membrane fluidity?

Temperature, fatty acid type, cholesterol abundance

400

When an individual has cystic fibrosis, their chloride ion channels are dysfunctional. What type of membrane proteins are ion channels?

Integral proteins

500

This type of solution has a lower solute concentration compared to the inside of the cell. What is the tonicity of this solution, and what consequence does it have for the cell?

Hypotonic, cell swells

Membrane potentials

100

The specific type of ion channel that is responsible for the rapid depolarization of an action potential

Voltage-gated sodium channels

200

These local changes in membrane potential can vary in magnitude and do not follow an all-or-nothing principle

Graded potentials

300

Describe the conformation of the voltage-gated sodium channels during the peak phase of an action potential

Activation gates open, inactivation gates closed

400

In the sensory division, the changes in membrane potential caused by adequate sensory stimuli are called:

Receptor potentials

500

Explain the difference in voltage-gated sodium channel conformation during the absolute vs. relative refractory periods

Absolute: activation gates open, inactivation gates closed

Relative: activation gates closed, inactivation gates open (some but not all channels)

General anatomy

100

The cell body of the neuron is also known as the _____

Soma

200

The motor protein that travels from the cell body of the neuron to the synaptic terminal is called:

Kinesin

300

The organelle that transports, sorts, and modifies cellular products; also known as the "post office" of the cell

The Golgi apparatus

400

Damage to what area (not lobe) results in expressive aphasia

Broca's area

500

TEAM CHALLENGE: Each team send 1 representative to the white board. Whoever can write the most cranial nerve names + numbers correctly wins the points for this question. 

Tie breaker: which cranial nerve is associated with lateral eye movement?

I - olfactory

II - optic

III - oculomotor

IV - trochlear

V - trigeminal

VI - abducens

VII - facial

VIII - auditory

IX - glossopharyngeal

X - vagus

XI - accessory

XII - hypoglossal

Tie breaker: abducens

Synaptic transmission

100

What initiates the events of synaptic transmission?

An action potential arriving to the axon terminal

200

Which voltage-gated ion channel opens when the action potential arrives at the axon terminal?

VG-Ca2+ channels

300

The process of vesicles fusing with the cell membrane and releasing their contents is called

Exocytosis

400

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are examples of ________ neurotransmitters

Modulatory

500

Describe the 3 ways synaptic transmission can be terminated

1. Enzymatic degradation

2. Reuptake by presynaptic neuron or astrocytes

3. Diffusion out of synaptic cleft

Sensory/motor divisions

100

What type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting changes in pressure and vibration on the skin?

Mechanoreceptors

200

Provide a specific example of an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor

Answers may vary (ions, O2, CO2, etc)

300

What is the process called by which sensory receptors convert stimulus energy into electrical signals?

Sensory transduction

400

What are 3 significant reasons that sensory adaptation is important?

1. Energy conservation

2. Protect cells from dying 

3. Efficiency of sensory processing

500

What is the primary role of the thalamus in the sensory projection pathway?

To relay sensory info to the cortex

BONUS: with the exception of smell