communication
Principles of atraumatic care
Prevent separation
Promote sense of control
Minimize bodily injury
Head to toe direction is called
Cephalocaudal
Signs of Resp distress
grunting, nasal flaring, retractions, cyanosis,
tachypnea
ready to be workers, complete tasks. learn to compete and cooperate, learn rules. Outcome is competence
Industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Solitary play (infant/toddler)
play alone w/ their interest centered on their own activity
How do Infants Communicate?
respond to non-verbal cues - cant understand verbal yet. Cooing & crying are main forms of communication
Near to far (Midline to peripheral)
Proximodistal
Characterized by hoarseness, “barking” cough, inspiratory stridor, and varying
degrees of respiratory distress
Croup
Basic needs must be met by a loving person. Outcome is faith and optimism
• Trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year)
Onlooker play (infant/toddler)
watch what other children are doing but do not
make any attempt to enter the play activity
Early Childhood
egocentric, respond best when discuss how THEY are affected. Experience of others of no interest to them
infants >2mo use which pain scale
FLACC (Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability)
Wong-Baker Faces is used for what age group?
3-4yo
centered on ability to control their body, selves & environment. Favorable outcome is self-control/willpower
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
Cooperative play (school-age)
play is organized and children play in a group
with other children working to complete a goal
School-Age
want explanations and reasons for everything. Need to know why
NIPS pain is used for who?
(facial expression, cry, breathing pattern, state of arousal)-
neonates <2mo
Non-Pharm pain
Containment (provide a “nest”)
Positioning (Swaddling)
Sucking (pacifier)
Kangaroo care (STS)
Distraction
Relaxation
Music/pet/art therapy
period of rapid body changes. Struggle to fit roles. Peers are important. Outcome is devotion and fidelity
to others and to values. Core conflict is role confusion.
Identity vs. role confusion (12 to 18 years)
Associative play (preschooler)
children play together with no group goal
Adolescence
confidentiality is important
Numeric Scale (0-10) is used for what age group?
8 yrs and >. May be used as early as 5 (if they can count & understand values of #s)
Birth weight tripled at
12 months
vigorous, intrusive behavior & strong
imagination. Develop a conscience with an inner voices. Conflict w/ parents, feel guilty. Outcomes: direction/purpose
Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)
Parallel play (toddler)
children play independently but with other children