Week 1+2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
100
What is cultural identity (can be done through examples) and explain generally its significance in sports.
Culture includes gender, race, ethnicity, languages, spirituality, sexuality, and physicality (physical abilities and characteristics)
Gender, culture, power, and privilege are all embedded in sports
Can never have a "one size fits all" approach
100
How might an athlete describe flow state?
Associated with peak performance - flow state
Flow may be a precursor to, or the psychological process underlying peak performance
where you become completely absorbed in what you are doing, you perform the task effortlessly - as if you are on autopilot - and it feels like everything harmoniously clicks into place.
Know when you’re in it but nearly impossible to predict
100
What are some mental health benefits associated with regular physical activity?
Depression
Anxiety
Cognitive Function
Quality of Life
Chronic Disease / Pain / Stress
100
Injuries occur due to an interaction between the person and the environment. What are some personal factors and environmental factors that could influence injury?
Person - focus on two areas of the person -
physical (joint laxity, structure)
psychological (fear, apprehension, stress)
Environmental
physical (field conditions)
social (how competitive, recreation, learning/improving vs competition, developmental)
100
Describe some characteristics of effective communication
Honest, fair, authentic, sincere, consistent, clear, direct
Empathy, approachability, consistency, and responsiveness to individual differences
Requires reciprocal participation
Establish open lines of communication
200
What is cultural competence and the 3 components that make up cultural competence?
Cultural Competence = the ability to work effectively with individuals who are of a different culture
Cultural competence includes both understanding and action and is needed at both the individual and organizational level
3 key components of cultural competence
1) Awareness of one’s own cultural values and biases
2) Understanding of other worldviews
3) Development of culturally appropriate skills
200
What is peak performance?
“An episode of superior functioning”
Characteristics
Absolute skill level not important
No fear of failure, total immersion in activity, narrow focus of attention, intrinsic motivation, time typically slowed down
Ideal internal psychological climate exists
200
What is Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory? How can we use it to increase exercise participation?
It developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior.
Relationship between how I think about myself and my abilities, in a particular domain, at a particular time.
200
Andersen and Williams' Model of Stress and Athletic Injury indicates that the severity of resulting stress response is what predisposes the athletes to injury - what factors influence one's stress response (cognitive appraisal and attentional/physiological changes).
The situation is only potentially stressful
Personality
higher trait anxiety - tendency to perceive situations as threatening and to react with an anxiety response
dispositional optimism and hardiness - feel deeply committed
History of stressors
Significant changes in person’s life, chronic daily hassles, break ups
Coping resources
How they manage challenges and stress
200
Define communication (as close to textbook definition as possible)
Communication involves sending, receiving and interpreting (decoding) messages
verbal and non-verbal - distinguished in terms of content and emotion
Same root as the word “community” - result of people feeling engaged in shared projects and meaningful social interactions
Connecting with people in a meaningful way
300
What is a mastery motivational climate?
Emphasizing reinforcement of effort, improvement, and meeting internal standard of performance designed to fostered a mastery (task) oriented
Athletes will feel successful and competent when they have learned something new and experienced improvement, mastered task or given their best effort - even if they perceive themselves as lower ability than others
300
The challenge-skills balance is a golden rule to follow when trying to achieve flow state. What is this? provide example.
This is when we pay the most attention
When challenge of task at hand slightly exceeds skill level
“Good at being comfortable with being uncomfortable. Stretch, but not snap” - Steve Kotler
300
What is the Transtheoretical model? How can we use it to increase exercise participation?
The transtheoretical model posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change
To progress through the stages of change, people apply cognitive, affective, and evaluative processes.
PA is not as simple as doing it or not doing
Stages that people go to, and understanding those stages, help us craft those messages
Message looks very different depending on where people are on their journey
300
Based on Wiese-Bjornstal’s Integrated Model of Response to Sport Injury, what are some symptoms/responses that may indicate an individual is not dealing well with their injury.
Emotional Responses
Identity loss
no longer defined as athlete/exerciser
Fear and anxiety
concern about recovery, pain, returning to previous level of performance
Changes in mood
Boredom and fatigue
Behavior Responses
Low Adherence and compliance to treatment
Poor Use of psychological skills
Avoiding / ignoring social networks
Risk taking behaviors
Decreased effort and intensity in rehabilitation
300
What are some contextual or personal factors that can impact effective communication?
Emotional stress can cause perceptual distortions and breakdowns in communication
Sports, more often than not, includes competitive stress, so miscommunication is not unusual
How coach/teacher says something is as important as what they say
Both person and situational variables influence this dynamic process
Individual factors interact with contextual factors
Other factors - stress, perceptual filtering, psychological expectancies - can all influence the way messages are expressed, received and interpreted
In the process of interpreting, information may be lost or distorted
400
How is performance feedback a form of a positive approach to coaching?
Correct misconceptions - especially regard self
Feedback creates internal consequences by stimulating athletes to experience positive (or neg) feels about how well they performed compared to the standard
Self-administered reinforcement can be more important than external reinforcement
Relation to formal goal-setting - without feedback, goal-setting does not improve performance, and without clear and specific goals set by self or others, performance feedback has limited effect on performance
Presence of both challenging goals and performance feedback = powerful motivational boost to task performance
400
What is IZOF model? describe an emotion that falls under each group of emotional states
Attempts to identify emotional patterns (positive and negative) associated with individual athletes’ successful performances
4 groups of emotional states
Performance-enhancing positive emotions
Performance-enhancing negative emotions
Performance-impairing positive emotions
Performance-impairing negative emotions
400
Describe the identity centered approach to help understand behavior around exercise.
Two primary theoretical approaches have been applied
Self-schema theory
Identity theory
Identity - “complex yet organized integration of our beliefs, values, and behaviors into a self package that develops and changes over time, guided by our social relationships and society at large”
400
What are some key strategies, consistent with the Wiese-Bjornstal’s Integrated Model of Response to Sport Injury that you could use to facilitate optimal response to that injury?
PST
Imagery
Control visual images and direct them productively to reduce anxiety and aid in rehab
Thought stoppage and cognitive restructuring
Relaxation
Reduce stress which improves the healing process
Relaxation opens the mind-body channels that regulate the body, enabling inner control over the body
Enhanced healing environment
Skills - deep breathing, progressive muscular relaxation, imagery
Goal Setting
Specific, short and long term goals for recovery
Multiple goals - outcome, process, performance goals
Involve athletes/self and teammates, coaches in the process
Increase communication around the injury
Build rapport - improve adherence, improve intervention techniques
Educate! - Increase self efficacy and motivation
Show that you care - offer social support
400
What are some strategies you could implement to ensure effective communication will occur?
Use a style of communication that is comfortable for you
Any style should include honesty, sincerity, and consistency
Work on empathy & support
Active listening skills - clarifying, paraphrasing, reflecting, understanding, encouraging, etc.
Be aware of your non-verbal behaviors; consistency (between verbal & non-verbal) is key!
Communication principles for effective team dynamics:
Impart relevant information - goals, expectations, procedures
Inspire athletes (exercisers, coworkers) to reach for their best
Monitor progress - goals, feedback
Clarify & Reinforce how things are going - repetition is fine, balance challenge and support
500
What does it mean to be an effective coach/leader?
"Positive Approach” to Coaching:
- Reward, don’t punish
- Most effective reinforcer = verbal praise and encouragement (= effective feedback)
- Reinforce effort and improvement rather than outcome
- Mastery climate
- Instructional feedback will always help!
500
What is mental toughness? what are the 4 Cs of mental toughness?
Mental toughness refers to a collection of psychological characteristic which are central to optimal/peak performance.
Control—Capacity to feel and act as if one could exert an influence on the situation in question.
Commitment—A tendency to take an active role in events.
Challenge—The perception of change as an opportunity to grow and develop rather than as a threat.
Confidence—A strong sense of self-belief.
500
When constructing an PA identity, what are some social and cognitive processes to focus on?
500
Clement et al describes AT's perceptions of injuries as it related to primary psych responses that athletes present and psychosocial strategies to implement in response. Describe two key takeaways from the reading.
Clement et al. article - 3 main characteristics of athletes who did not cope successfully with their injuries:
Poor attendance, avoidance/withdrawal
Non-compliance with rehab protocols
Negative attitude
Primary psych responses athletes present
stress/anxiety, anger, treatment adherence
Top psychosocial strategies to implement
keeping athlete involved w/ team, goal setting, keeping variety of rehab exercises
AT’s needed to know more about
motivation, communication, realistic goals
Limited access to sports psych services, but used them when they did
Questionnaire (subjective, people put in different amounts of time to this)
Response rate
Top strategies used, aren’t necessarily the most evidence-based, more on what ATs feel confident with
500
Apply a specific model/framework that we talked about in class regarding conflict resolution to an example scenario where a few of your youth athletes are fighting about sports equipment.
How to express yourself more assertively DESC Formula
Describe the situation as you see it, paint a verbal picture of the situation in which you are reacting to
Express feelings regarding the situation
Specify what changes you would like to see take place
Consequences to expect if situation doesn’t change
Communication strategy
Involve - team talk, include the group in the discussion
Resolve - as conflicts arise, collaborate to come up with collective solutions
Absolve - once resolved, move on from lingering repercussions
Evolve - find positive lessons and opportunity to grow
Restoration Circle
Introduce early in sport’s season - safe space
Opportunity for group (part or whole) to come together to address conflict - explores path towards accountability and repair
People involved - affected participants (involved in conflict), supporting participants, facilitators
STAMP Model