Mutation
a mutation that occurs in a body cell
somatic mutation
haploid
complete dominance
which pair of genes will independently assort their alleles?
unlinked genes
environmental factor that causes natural selection to occur
selection pressure
A mutation can be __________ if it occurs on a gametic cell
inherited
example of a gamete
sperm OR egg
when a heterozygote has two dominant alleles expressed fully
co-dominance
which pair of genes will not independently assort their alleles?
when a small population is left behind from an originally larger population due to a catastrophe - an extreme type of genetic drift
bottleneck effect
mutations create new
alleles
which process halves the number of alleles in meiosis
segregation
incomplete dominance
what process separates linked genes?
crossing over
when a small population is randomly blown off course from an original population - an extreme type of genetic drift
founder effect
New and introduced genetic information as a result of a mutation results in a new _____ in a population
phenotype
which process shuffles homologous chromosomes onto either side of the equator
independent assortment
how many alleles constitute multiple alleles
3 or more
what is the expected phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross of two heterozygotes?
9:3:3:1
this stops for two populations to become different from each other
gene flow
the two ways that mutations can occur
spontaneously (mistakes in DNA replication) or induced (mutagen)
the process of the 'special hug' between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
crossing over
what type of monohybrid inheritance often results in a 2:1 genotypic and phenotypic ratio due to loss of an embryo?
lethal alleles
how many genotypes can be produced from the offspring of unlinked dihybrid crosses that are heterozygous for both genes?
9
the definition of gene flow
movement of alleles from 1 population to another