DNA and Cell Structure
Where is DNA found inside eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus
Name the three stages that make up interphase.
G1, S, and G2
What do we call the molecule that an enzyme acts on?
The substrate
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy
True or False: DNA is located in the ribosomes.
False — DNA is located in the nucleus
What is ATP's main job in the cell?
Provides energy for chemical reactions
What happens during S phase?
DNA replicates, making two identical copies
In an enzyme-substrate diagram, what does the final step usually show?
Conversion of the substrate into product(s)
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
Name the cell cycle phase where the cell grows and prepares for division AFTER DNA has replicated.
G2
What is DNA's main job in the cell?
Stores and transmits genetic information
What is the correct order of the cell cycle?
G1 → S → G2 → M
On a graph of reaction rate vs. pH, where is the enzyme working fastest?
At the peak (top) of the curve — its optimal pH
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
How are the products of photosynthesis related to the reactants of cellular respiration?
They're the same molecules (glucose and oxygen) — the two processes mirror each other
Which organelle 'reads' and copies genetic instructions?
The nucleus
A cell's DNA mass has doubled but the cell hasn't split into two yet. What's true about it?
It has replicated its DNA but not yet completed mitosis/cytokinesis
What happens to an enzyme's activity far away from its optimal pH?
Its reaction rate drops — it becomes less effective
Which process happens in BOTH plants and animals?
Cellular respiration
What role does an enzyme's active site play?
It's where the substrate binds, giving the enzyme its specificity
If ATP is the cell's energy battery, what role does DNA play by comparison?
It's the cell's instruction manual / blueprint (stores genetic info, doesn't provide energy)
Why must DNA replicate before a cell divides?
So each daughter cell receives a complete, identical copy of the genetic material
In your own words: why are enzymes called 'biological catalysts'?
They speed up chemical reactions without being used up or changed permanently
What kind of energy conversion takes place during photosynthesis?
Radiant (light) energy is converted into chemical energy
A cell just finished mitosis. What must it do before it can divide again?
Go through G1 (grow), S (replicate DNA), and G2 (prepare) before reaching M again