Westward Expansion
John O’Sullivan coined this phrase in 1845 for the idea that the U.S. was divinely ordained to expand across North America.
Manifest Destiny
The discovery of gold in California in 1848 set off this migration boom.
Gold Rush
Around 12 million immigrants entered the U.S. through this New York island between 1892 and 1954.
Ellis Island
About six million African Americans moved from the rural South to northern and western cities in this movement from 1915 to 1970
The Great Migration
Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin agreed to repatriate displaced persons at this February 1945 meeting
Yalta Conference
India’s first prime minister, who gave the “Tryst with Destiny” speech.
Jawaharlal Nehru
This leader toured Bengal and Bihar in a futile effort to stop the religious violence
Mohandas Gandhi
This leader’s rebel force overthrew Fulgencio Batista on December 31, 1958
Fidel Castro
Programs to recruit temporary foreign workers are known by this term.
Guestworker programs
This 1803 deal for $15 million almost doubled the size of the U.S.
Louisiana Purchase
Mexico’s defeat in this war, which ended in 1848, led to the Mexican Cession.
Mexican-American War
The American Party earned this nickname because members said they “knew nothing” about their organization.
Know-Nothing Party
The Cherokee gave this name to their forced 1838–39 march west, during which over 4,000 died.
The Trail of Tears
UNRRA was created to aid refugees fleeing these forces, the opposing side to the Allied powers.
The Axis Powers
The August 14–15, 1947 split of British India into two nations is called this.
The Partition
East Pakistan became this independent country in 1971
Bangladesh
The first wave of Cuban refugees (1959–62), mostly middle and upper class, is called this and included 14,000 children sent through Operation Peter Pan
The Golden Exiles
From 1942 to 1964, this U.S. program brought about 4.5 million Mexican workers into agriculture
The Bracero Program
Name any of the three main routes for westward migrants: Oregon, California, or this trail ending in New Mexico.
the Oregon Trail, California Trail, and Santa Fe Trail
Signed June 15, 1846, this treaty ended British claims to the Oregon Country.
Oregon Treaty
The European Revolutions of 1848 are often called this
the "Spring of Nations"
Completed in 1869, this project helped westward migration but also accelerated Indigenous land loss.
the (first) Transcontinental Railroad
Signed in May 1945 by Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U.S., this agreement set points of exchange for DPs.
The Halle Agreement
These two groups, led by Jinnah and Nehru, negotiated independence with the British.
The Muslim League and the Indian National Congress
Along with Hindus and Muslims, more than 15 million people who fled their homes included members of this religious group.
Sikhs
These U.S.-funded airlifts from 1965 to 1973 brought about 260,600 Cubans to the U.S.
This border-free European zone was created by the 1985 agreement signed by five countries.
The Schengen Area
This French ruler sold the entire Louisiana territory because of financial troubles and a possible war with Britain.
Napoleon Bonaparte
The 1848 treaty in which Mexico ceded an area larger than the Louisiana Purchase.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The ability of immigrants to pay their own way led to the decline of this system, in which immigrants worked to cover their travel costs.
indentured servitude
African Americans left the South partly to escape these segregationist laws.
Jim Crow laws
Following this agreement, about 10 million ethnic Germans were expelled from Eastern Europe
The Potsdam Agreement
Jinnah’s belief that Hindus and Muslims each constituted their own nation.
The two-nation theory
This western province saw the worst of the violence and a complete breakdown of law and order.
Punjab
In 1980, about 124,800 Cubans arrived in Key West after Cuba opened this port.
The Mariel exodus (boatlift)
Chinese media call internal migrants, over 300 million in 2020, this “floating” group.
The floating population
Signed on September 3, 1783, this treaty had Britain recognize U.S. independence.
Treaty of Paris
This 1853 purchase of 30,000 square miles of Mexican land fixed the borders of the contiguous 48 states.
the Gadsden Purchase
This restrictive law, along with the Great Depression and WWII, caused immigration to drop sharply from 1930 to 1965.
the Immigration Act of 1924
The explosion of Black art, literature, and music in 1920s New York, in the neighborhood nicknamed “Black Mecca.”
The Harlem Renaissance
UNRRA operated under the authority of this military command, abbreviated SHAEF.
The Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Forces
This June 1945 conference, convened by Viceroy Lord Wavell, failed when Jinnah and Nehru could not agree.
The Simla Conference
Cyril Radcliffe, who had never been to India, drew this boundary between India and Pakistan.
The Radcliffe Line
This 1995 policy, ended by Obama on January 13, 2017, followed the Balsero crisis.
The “wet foot, dry foot” policy
Starting in 2025, visa-exempt travelers such as Americans need this pre-travel authorization to enter the Schengen Area.
ETIAS