AKI
CRI
PANCREATITIS
ALL THINGS LIVER
TEACHER'S CHOICE
100
DEFINE PRE-RENAL
Prerenal: Outside the kidney; caused by intravascular volume depletion such as with blood loss associated with trauma or surgery, dehydration, decreased cardiac output (as with cardiogenic shock), decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased renovascular blood flow, and prerenal infection or obstruction
100
DIALYSIS PATIENTS MUST AVOID FOOD ITEMS HIGH IN..?
The diet for a client with chronic kidney disease who is receiving hemodialysis should include controlled amounts of sodium, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and fluids, which is indicated in the correct option. The food items in the remaining options are high in sodium, phosphorus, or potassium.
100
discoloration of the abdomen and periumbilical area
Cullen’s sign
100
MUST LIMIT FOOD HIGH IN THIS....
Answer: THIAMINE
Rationale: The client with cirrhosis needs to consume foods high in thiamine. Thiamine is present in a variety of foods of plant and animal origin. Legumes are especially rich in this vitamin. Other good food sources include nuts, whole-grain cereals, and pork. Milk contains vitamins A, D, and B2. Poultry contains niacin. Broccoli contains vitamins C, E, and K and folic acid.
100
XRAY ORDERED TO ASSESS FUNCTION OF URINE
KIDNEY, URETER, BLADDER
200
DEFINE INTRARENAL
Within the parenchyma of the kidney; caused by tubular necrosis, prolonged prerenal ischemia, intrarenal infection or obstruction, and nephrotoxicity
200
Risk Factors Associated with Renal Problems
▪ Advanced age
▪ Chemical or environmental toxin exposure, smoking
▪ Contact sports
▪ Diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension
▪ Family history of renal disease
▪ Frequent urinary tract infections
▪ Heart failure
▪ High-sodium diet
▪ Medications
▪ Polycystic kidney disease
▪ Trauma
▪ Urolithiasis or nephrolithiasis
200
sign is the bluish discoloration of the flanks. Both signs are indicative of pancreatitis
Turner’s sign
200
CAUSES OF CIRRHOSIS
the most common are chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
200
NON-INVASIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING URINE VOLUME
BLADDER SCAN
300
DEFINE POSTRENAL
Between the kidney and urethral meatus, such as bladder neck obstruction, bladder cancer, calculi, and postrenal infection
300
Normal Renal Function Values
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, 10 to 20 mg/dL (3.6 to 7.1 mmol/L)
▪ Serum creatinine level, 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL (53 to 106 mcmol/L) for males and 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL (44 to 97 mcmol/L) for females
▪ BUN/creatinine ratio, 6 to 25
300
DIETARY INTERVENTIONS/TEACHING
NPO
AVOID CAFFEINE AND ETOH
AVOID HEAVY MEALS
SUPPLEMENTAL VIATAMINS AND ENZYMES
LIMIT FAT AND PROTEIN
300
COMPLICATIONS
Portal hypertension
Ascites
esophageal varices
Coagulation defects
a. Decreased synthesis of bile fats in the liver prevents the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
b. Without vitamin K and clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, the client is prone to bleeding and easy bruising.
Hepatorenal syndrome
Portal systemic encephalopathy
Jaundice
300
LIST 5 NEPHROTOXIC MEDICATIONS
▪ Acetaminophen
▪ Captopril
▪ Ibuprofen
▪ Indomethacin
▪ Neomycin
▪ Tobramycin
▪ Amphotericin B
▪ Methicillin
▪ Polymyxin B
▪ Rifampin
▪ Sulfonamides
▪ Ketorolac
400
NAME OF FIRST STAGE
OLIGURIA-
▪ Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels
▪ Decreased urine specific gravity (prerenal causes) or normal (intrarenal causes)
▪ Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and creatinine clearance
▪ Hyperkalemia
▪ Normal or decreased serum sodium level
▪ Hypervolemia
▪ Hypocalcemia
▪ Hyperphosphatemia
400
Primary causes
1. May follow AKI
2. Diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders
3. Hypertension
4. Chronic urinary obstruction
5. Recurrent infections
6. Renal artery occlusion
7. Autoimmune disorders
400
A 59-year-old client with ascites is scheduled to have a paracentesis. The nurse would take the following actions to prepare the client for the procedure
Ensure that the client understands the procedure and that informed consent has been obtained.
▪ Obtain vital signs.
▪ Obtain weight.
▪ Assist the client to void and empty the bladder.
▪ Measure abdominal girth.
▪ Position the client upright.
400
The nurse is preparing a client for a liver biopsy. During review of the client’s laboratory results, the nurse notes that the client’s prothrombin time is 35 seconds and platelet count is 100,000 mm3 (100 × 109 /L). Based on these findings, the nurse would take the following action
The client’s prothrombin time is prolonged and the platelet count is low, placing the client at risk for bleeding. Therefore, the nurse must immediately notify the primary health care provider of these abnormal laboratory values and place the client on bleeding precautions
400
A prescription reads clindamycin phosphate 0.3 g in 50 mL normal saline (NS) to be administered intravenously over 30 minutes for a client with an infection. The medication label reads clindamycin phosphate 900 mg in 6 mL. The nurse prepares how many milliliters (mL) of the medication to administer the correct dose
500
HORMONE
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
500
5 FUNCTIONS OF HEMODIALYSIS
1. Cleanses the blood of accumulated waste products
2. Removes the byproducts of protein metabolism such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid from the blood
3. Removes excess body fluids
4. Maintains or restores the buffer system of the body
5. Corrects electrolyte levels in the body
500
STEATORRHEA
foul-smelling stools that may increase in volume as pancreatic insufficiency increases
500
TYPES OF HEPATITIS
hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV)
500
A prescription reads 1000 mL of normal saline 0.9% to infuse over 8 hours. The drop factor is 15 drops (gtt)/1 mL. The nurse sets the flow rate at how many drops per minute?
