Lesson 1, 2 & 10
What is a term and what is a definition?
A term is a concept that is expressed precisely in words.
A definition is a statement that gives the meaning of a term.
Explain the difference between increasing extension and increasing intension.
increasing extension is broader:
digital clock, clock, timepiece, device
increasing intension is more specific:
device, timepiece, clock, digital clock
Name the 3 methods of defining and give me an example of each.
1. Defining by a synonym
2. Defining by example
3. Defining by genus and difference
pg 27/28
what is a statement?
Are questions statements?
Are commands statements?
A statement is a sentence that can be true or false.
Questions and commands are not statements because they have no truth value.
What is a supported statement?
Name 3 sources for supported statements.
A supported statement is a statement whose truth value depends on evidence or information from outside it self.
3 sources: Authority, Experience or Observation, Deduction
page 65
Name the 5 types of definitions and explain them to me. (order doesn't matter for this answer)
1. lexical 2. precising 3. stipulative 4. theoretical 5. persuasive
Arrange in order of increasing extension:
Carnivore, Tiger, Animal, Siberian tiger, Big cat
Carnivore, Tiger, Animal, Siberian tiger, Big cat
Order of increasing extension (from most specific to most general):
Siberian tiger
Tiger
Big cat
Carnivore
Animal
What are 2 rules for defining by example?
make an example using candy
1. give several examples
2. vary th example
CANDY: lollipop, chocolate bar, licorice
What is a self supporting statement?
Explain the 3 categories they can be divided into
1. Self report: a statement by a person sharing his or her own desires [I believe Jesus is the son of God]
2. true or false by logical structure. Statement can be true or false [Jesus is the son of God or he is not the son of God]
3. Statements that are true or false by definition. [all triangles have 4 sides]
What is tautology?
A tautology is a statement that is always true by logical structure.
What is a genus and what is a species?
Each team mate needs to name one example.
A genus of a term is a term that is more general, broad or abstract that the original term and includes it.
A species of a term is a term that is more specific, narrow or concrete than the original term and is included in it.
An example food is the genus and meat is the species.
Arrange in order of increasing intension:
Dog, Golden Retriever, Animal, Mammal, Pet
Each word gets more specific:
Animal: Any living creature like birds, fish, or dogs.
Mammal: Animals with fur that feed their babies milk.
Pet: A mammal that lives with people.
Dog: A kind of pet.
Golden Retriever: A type of dog.
When defining by genus and differnece, name 6 rules you should follow.
1. definition should state the essential attribute of the term.
2. Definition should not be circular.
3. Definition should not be too broad or narrow.
4. Definition should not be unclear or figurative.
5. Definition should be stated positively if possible
6. definition should be the same part of speech as the term.
List 5 examples of a phrase that would introduce a self report, such as "it is my opinion that..."
I think, I believe, I feel that, I want, I trust that
Read the examples below and share if the statement is self report, tautology, self-contradiction, true by definition, or supported.
1. Paul was an apostle and he wasn't.
2. My mother is a woman.
3. It either works or it doesn't.
4. The book of Genesis has 50 chapters.
5. I think the snow is deeper than last year.
1. self- contradictory
2. true by definition
3. tautology
4. supported (authority)
5. self- report
p 67
When statements are inconsistent, we have a disagreement.
Name 3 types of disagreements and explain them.
Real disagreement: actual inconsistency. noth statements can not be true at the same time.
Jesus is the son of God. Jesus is not the son of God.
Apparent disagreement: differing opinion or perception.
I think Logic is easy. I think Logic is the hardest course I have ever taken.
Verbal disagreement: different definitions are used for the same word.
1/5 of all high school graduates are illiterate. 1/3 of all high school graduates are illiterate. What is your definition of illiterate? Can't read at all or read at a 2nd grade level, below expectation.
Arrange the words in decreasing intension:
Superhero, Fictional Character, Marvel Hero, Iron Man, Avenger
(Note.. it goes from most specific to most general)
Iron Man is one specific character with many detailed traits.
Avenger is a group that includes Iron Man and others, so it's more general.
Marvel Hero includes all Marvel superheroes, not just Avengers.
Superhero is even broader — it includes Marvel, DC, and more.
Fictional Character is the broadest — it includes superheroes, princesses, wizards, and more!
Fill in the genus and species hierarchy chart below:
authority
---------- monarch
--------- ----------
authority
president monarch
king queen
List 5 statements that are true or false by logical structure.
The sun is shining and it is not.
I will go to school and I will not.
You will either eat or not eat.
The coin will come up heads or not heads.
A man can take a joke or he can not take a joke.
What is consistancy and share an example.
What is inconsistent and share an example.
What is implication and share an example.
Consistency: is when 2 statements can BOTH be true at the same time. (we say they are consistant)
Paul was an apostle. The apostle Paul was never in Germany.
Inconsistent: if there is a conflict between the two statements.
The apostle Paul spent his life in Germany. The apostle Paul never went to Germany.
Implication: if the truth of one requires truth in the other. (one implies the other)
All Christians are followers of Christ. Some Christians are followers of Christ.
Name 3 types of errors you can make when constructing genus and species charts and explain them.
page 17
1. overlap: not mutually exclusive
2. ambiguous word.
3. Whole to parts
Fill in the blanks below for the word: finger
a. the genus
b. another species under this genus.
c. species of the given term
a. digit
b. thumb
c. ring finger
Fill in the genus and species hierarchy chart below:
motor vehicle
truck ---------------
--------- ----------
motor vehicle
truck bus
fire truck concrete mixer
List 5 statements that are true or false by definition.
1 true statement and one false statement for each of your 5 examples.
Does the 1st statement imply the second statement? y/n
1. God created everything. God created porcupines.
2. All watermelons are green. Some watermelons are green.
3. Some trees are tall. All trees are tall.
4. Honey is sweet. I hate honey.
1. God created everything. God created porcupines. yes
2. All watermelons are green. Some watermelons are green. yes
3. Some trees are tall. All trees are tall. no
4. Honey is sweet. I hate honey. no