Memory Stages
This type of memory lasts less than 1 second and holds visual information.
Iconic memory
This type of rehearsal—repeating information over and over—is great for short-term memory but terrible for long-term memory.
Maintenance rehearsal
This type of retrieval is tested by multiple choice exams where you identify the correct answer among options.
Recognition
This theory of forgetting suggests the information never entered long-term memory to begin with.
Encoding failure
Memory works like a _______, reconstructing events using available evidence. Not like a video recorder.
A detective
This is the term for the brief holding place where sound is stored for about 4 seconds.
Echoic memory
This type of rehearsal involves connecting new information to what you already know.
Elaborative rehearsal
This type of retrieval requires you to reproduce information with minimal cues, like on essay exams.
Recall
This occurs when old information interferes with learning new information, like typing your old password.
Proactive interference
According to Glass and Kang's research, students who used devices during class scored this much lower.
Half a letter grade
George Miller found that short-term memory can hold 7 plus or minus 2 of these meaningful units.
Chunks
According to Craik and Lockhart, this type of processing—thinking about meaning—creates the strongest memories.
Semantic processing
This study approach spreads sessions over time with gaps, forcing retrieval when you return to material.
Spacing (or distributed practice)
This occurs when new information interferes with old information, like a new phone number making you forget your old one.
Retroactive interference
Each time you retrieve and reconstruct a memory, this happens to the memory.
It can change slightly (or be altered)
This is why short-term memory is also called "working memory."
It's where we do mental work like problem-solving and decision-making
This ancient memory technique, also called a memory palace, involves placing information along a familiar route.
Method of Loci
Students should study using this harder skill even though multiple choice exams test the easier skill of recognition.
Recall
The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon is best explained by this type of forgetting involving missing retrieval cues.
Cue-dependent forgetting
Jennifer Thompson was absolutely certain about her identification, but this type of evidence proved she was wrong.
DNA evidence
Echoic memory lasts longer than iconic memory for this reason related to how sound unfolds.
Sound unfolds over time and needs longer duration to be meaningful
Sleep helps memory by doing this to memories and neural connections.
Consolidating memories and strengthening neural connections
For an exam in one week, this study schedule is most effective according to the spacing effect.
30 minutes per day for 7 days
According to Craik and Lockhart's research, this matters more than how long you study.
How you process information (or depth of processing)
The Ronald Cotton case demonstrates that these two qualities are not the same thing when it comes to memory.
Certainty and accuracy (or confidence and correctness