The Enlightenment
Who was John Locke?
The English philosopher and political theorist who believed that people's natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was nasty, brutish, and short.
What is Nationalism?
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share ones language, and culture
Who was Muhammad Ali?
Muhammad Ali Pasha, often referred to as the founder of modern Egypt, was an Ottoman Albanian commander who rose to power in the early 19th century. He implemented significant military, economic, and administrative reforms that laid the foundation for Egypt's modernization efforts during the 19th century.
What is imperialism?
the policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence through colonization
What are transnational companies?
Transnational companies are companies that operate across national borders.
How did John Locke's Ideas differ from Thomas Hobbes'?
Thomas Hobbes believed that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of property, and John Locke believed that the natural state of life was blak brutish, and short.
How was nationalism affecting the empires and kingdoms of Europe?
by threatening large empires and drove efforts to unite people who shared a culture into one political state.
What was the Meiji Restoration?
The Meiji Restoration was a political revolution in 1868 that ended the Tokugawa shogunate and restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji, leading to significant political, economic, and social changes in Japan
Explain how the quote from Rudyard Kipling "The White Man's Burden" illustrates the common mindset held by imperial colonizers.
The speaker in the poem urged the whites of western Countries to establish colonies for the good of the "inferior" people.
What issues were Labor unions trying to fix? How successful were they at changing things.
The labor unions were trying to fix unsanitary work conditions, low wages, and long hours. They were successful. Unions improved workers lives by winning minimum wage laws, limis on the number of hours worked, overtime pay, and the establishment of a 5-day work week.
What were the main ideas of Montesquieu?
Popular sovereignty, rule of law, limited government, and separation of powers
How did Industrialization lead to changes in global economic systems?
Industrialization transformed global economic systems by shifting economies from agrarian-based to industrial-based, leading to mass production and increased efficiency. This shift facilitated global trade and the rise of capitalist economies.
What external pressures pushed Japan to modernize?
Since Japan didn't have very much contact with the rest of the world, rising Imperial powers wanted to sell goods to them. Another example is that in the age of coal powered ships, trading states wanted to refuel in Japan as they traveled to China and other parts of East Asia.
How did science, culture, religion, and economics each motivate Imperialism during the 19th century?
Science motivated 19th-century imperialism by justifying European superiority and the exploitation of colonized peoples through advancements in medicine and technology. Cultural and religious motivations included the spread of Western values and Christianity, while economic motivations centered on accessing raw materials and new markets to fuel industrial growth.
How does a monopoly affect the industry/economy within the area the company operates?
By bringing in higher prices and economics of scale. With no competition, a monopoly can set higher prices for its products or services, reducing consumer surplus
In what ways did new Enlightenment movements impact the lives of minority/oppressed groups?
Zionism, the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the middle east, emerged in the late 19th century. After battling hostility towards the Jews, this came about.
the Feminism movement also empowered the minority of women for their voices to be heard.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the women, children, and urban life?
Women were affected by being separated into social classes like the working class and being a housewife.
Children were affected by the exploitation of their young age. Children's small size was used to climb into machines and do tedious work.
Urban life got progressively worse while the living areas grew rapidly. The overwhelming, fast growth of the cities led to a damaging ecological footprint and created bad conditions for the cities' poorest residents.
In what ways did Egypt base their new systems off of Europe?
Between 1750 and 1900, Egypt, under Muhammad Ali, adopted European military and administrative systems, including modernizing its army and establishing a centralized bureaucracy. European-style infrastructure projects, such as railways and canals, were also implemented to boost economic development.
IN what ways did non-Western nations respond to imperialism during 1750-1900
Non-Western nations responded to imperialism between 1750 and 1900 through a mix of resistance and adaptation. For example, Ethiopia successfully resisted Italian invasion at the Battle of Adwa, while Japan embraced Westernization and modernization during the Meiji Restoration to strengthen itself.
Compare John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx's philosophies that were created to fix the problems developing with capitalism.
John Stuart Mill advocated for reforming capitalism through individual liberty and minimal state intervention. Karl Marx critiqued capitalism as exploitative and proposed socialism with collective ownership to eliminate class struggles.
In what ways were economic ideas changing during the Enlightenment period?
During the Enlightenment, economic ideas shifted towards free markets and individualism. This period also saw the critique of mercantilism and the development of new economic theories, laying the groundwork for modern economics.
Compare the impact of industrialization in Japan and Egypt.
Industrialization in Japan, driven by the Meiji Restoration, led to rapid modernization, technological advancements, and economic growth, transforming it into a major industrial power by the early 20th century
. In contrast, Egypt's industrialization, initiated by Muhammad Ali in the 19th century, focused on state-led initiatives and infrastructure development but faced challenges such as political instability and economic dependence on foreign investments
. While Japan successfully integrated industrialization into its economy, Egypt struggled with sustainability and competition from imported goods
Compare the industrialization in Japan and Russia between 1850 and 1914.
Between 1850 and 1914, Japan's industrialization, driven by the Meiji Restoration, led to rapid modernization, technological advancements, and the establishment of a strong industrial economy. In contrast, Russia's industrialization, initiated by state-led efforts like the Witte System, faced challenges such as political instability and slower economic transformation, although it did achieve significant infrastructure development. Both countries experienced top-down industrialization, but Japan's approach was more successful in integrating Western technologies and practices
What were the major push and pull factors of global migrations during 1750-1900?
During 1750-1900, major push factors for global migrations included economic hardship, political and religious persecution, wars, and famines. Pull factors included economic opportunities in industrialized areas, political and religious freedom, available land for settlement, and prospects for social mobility. Advances in transportation also facilitated these migrations by making long-distance travel more accessible
What about capitalism in the 19th century caused many to question or try to fix it?
Industrialism brought significant changes, but also harsh working condition, low wages, and long hours, and low wages. Urbanization overcrowded living conditions and poor sanitation.