Protestantism
Reduce temporal punishment associated with sin.
What are Indulgences?
Internal religious renewal
What is the Catholic Reformation?
French Calvanists vs. English Calvinists
Ends the Thirty Years' War.
Peace of Westphalia
An art movement during the Age of Reformation commissioned by Monarchs and Catholic Rulers that emphasizes their power and stature
What is Baroque?
Believed the true Christian community should be a voluntary community of believers, separate from governmental control. Considered Radical.
What are Anabaptists?
A revolt in which rebels use reformation language to justify social change (mainly concerning economic grievances against oppressive nobles).
What are the German Peasants' War?
Seven Northern provinces in the Netherlands that declare independence from Spain.
The three main countries/ powers involved against the Catholic Habsburgs in the Thirty Years' War.
What are Denmark, Sweden, and France?
A way for local authorities to enforce communal norms
What is public humiliation?
A Christian teaching that Zwingli and Luther cannot come to an agreement on during the Colloquy of Marburg (attempted to unit protestant religions under one umbrella, fail). Example of religious pluralism.
What is Transubstantiation (or the Eucharist)?
Meeting in which catholic doctrine is reaffirmed and abuses are reformed.
Council of Trent
Protestant religion in which the monarch is the supreme ruler, clergy may marry, protestant theology is followed but catholic traditions (like the hierarchy) are kept.
What is the Anglican Church?
Symbolic event in which Protestants throw Catholic officials from a window. Begins the Bohemian revolt.
What is the Defenestration in Prague?
Under protestant theology, clerical celibacy is rejected because this becomes spiritually valuable.
What is marriage?
Luther’s rejection of monasticism; the idea that clergy occupied a fundamentally superior spiritual category to other christians. AKA Spiritual equality.
What is The Priesthood of all Believers?
Lutheranism receives legal recognition within the Holy Roman Empire under this treaty. Common saying: cuius regio, eius religio.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
Granted Huguenots limited protections and rights of worship. Example of religious pluralism.
The peace treaty strengthened this principle: rulers held authority over affairs within their own borders, marking a major step toward the modern state system.
What is State or territorial sovereignty?
Religious order of women with the goal of strengthening Catholic society by educating future Catholic women and mothers.
What are the Ursulines?
A governing body of ministers and lay elders that supervises religious life and moral behavior.
What is a Consistory?
A Catholic Institution empowered to investigate suspected heresy.
What is the Roman Inquisition or the Holy Office?
Development in which the English Monarch becomes the supreme Head of the Church of England.
What is the Act of Supremacy?
The peace treaty marks the effective end of this medieval ideal regarding all of Europe.
What is One Universal Christendom?
Witch hunts were especially intense in these kinds of region.
What are fragmented territories?