Abbreviations
What does the "g" stand for on needle sizes?
Gauge
A 3 kg animal needs 5 mg/kg gabapentin PO.
Gabapentin is 50 mg/mL.
How many mL?
3 kg × 5 mg/kg = 15 mg
15 mg ÷ 50 mg/mL = 0.3 mL
Order these needles sizes smallest to largest.
23, 18, 25, 20, 27
Smallest 27, 25, 23, 20, 18 Largest
A bird presents with a fracture of the distal wing (radius/ulna or metacarpals). What type of bandage would you use to immobilize the wing while keeping it folded against the body?
Figure-8 bandage
What are the steps of a direct fecal float in the correct order.
What is LRS when do you use LRS?
Lactated Ringer’s Solution, is an isotonic fluid used to rehydrate animals and help restore normal body fluid and electrolyte balance
LRS is commonly used when an animal is dehydrated, in shock, weak, or unable to drink on its own, such as after trauma, illness, or capture stress. It helps support circulation and overall stabilization.
A powdered antibiotic vial contains 1 g total drug and must be reconstituted to 100 mg/mL. This medication will need to remain sterile what do you need to do to ensure this? What would make it no longer sterile?
Calculations: 1 g = 1000 mg
Target: 100 mg/mL
1000 ÷ 100 = 10 mL final volume
Sterility: Put on gloves, wipe off the vial stopper with alcohol and let it fully dry, use a sterile diluent like sterile water or sterile saline if needed, wipe the vial stopper again before each entry, use a brand new sterile needle and syringe, and do not touch the needle itself or the syringe hub during preparation or injection.
Loss of sterility: Laying the syringe down uncovered, leaving the needle uncapped or exposed to air, touching the needle or the syringe hub, reusing the same needle to puncture multiple items, or allowing any sterile part of the equipment to contact non-sterile surfaces.
Where can you not give injections to turtles and why?
The hind limbs are avoided because of the renal portal system, which can send drugs through the kidneys first and reduce effectiveness or increase kidney exposure.
A raptor has a humerus fracture requiring full immobilization of the entire wing against the body. What bandage is most appropriate?
Wing-to-body bandage
What are the steps of a Robert Jones bandage in correct order?
What are NSAIDs & when do you no use them? Give me two used in the center.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug. They should not be used with blood loss or bleeding, severe dehydration, or kidney problems, and should be used carefully in head trauma cases. Meloxicam & Ketoprofen
The doxycycline on your shelf is 100 mg tablets. You need to make an oral suspension with a concentration of 25 mg/mLusing Ora-Plus as your suspending agent. You crush 2 tablets and begin preparing the suspension.
- What final total volume should you make to achieve 25 mg/mL?
- How much Ora-Plus will you need to add?
have:100x2=200
want: 25mg/ml
Final Volume: 200/25=8mL
SQ injection placemnt on a mammals Vs birds
Mammals: in the loose skin over the shoulder blades or along the side of the body, where there is space to form a “tent”
Birds: in the inguinal/ femoral fold area near the leg, where the skin is looser and there is less muscle and feather interference
A bird has severe foot trauma and needs weight distribution over a larger surface area to prevent pressure on the injured foot. What bandage type is best?
Snowshoe bandage
What are the steps of a PCV/TP test in correct order?
Collect whole blood
Fill microhematocrit tube 2/3 full
Seal one end with clay
pace in centrifuge (clay side out)
Spin at correct speed/time
Read PCV
Break at the buffy coat for TS
Record results
What does TS stand for & what does it tell you?
TS stands for Total Solids, referring to total serum protein. It’s used to check hydration and protein levels in the blood, high TS suggests dehydration, while low TS suggests overhydration or protein loss, and it can help identify issues like malnutrition or liver disease.
Bonus Knowledge: When interpreted with PCV, high PCV + high TS suggests dehydration, low PCV + low TS suggests possible blood loss, and low PCV + normal TS suggests anemia without dehydration. Normal TS values are about 6.0–7.5 g/dL in mammals and about 3.0–5.5 g/dL in birds (generally lower than mammals).
A juvenile raccoon weighs 1.2 kg.
You are told to use K = 70 for this species.
Adjust for recovery 2xBMR
BMR(kcal/day)=K×(Body Weight in kg)^0.75
weight (1.2kg)^0.75=1.146
BMR = 70x1.146=80.22
80.22x2=160.44
Where are IM injections given on a bird vs mammal?
Bird: Pectoral Muscle 1/3 down the keel
Mammal: epaxial muscles along the back beside the spine
A raccoon presents with a suspected long bone fracture of the forelimb and requires temporary stabilization and swelling control before definitive treatment. What bandage is most appropriate?
Robert Jones bandage
Put the steps of a centrifuged fecal flotation exam in the correct order
What does PCV stand for & what does it tell you?
PCV stands for Packed Cell Volume, which measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. It’s used to assess hydration and oxygen-carrying capacity—high PCV suggests dehydration, while low PCV suggests anemia or blood loss.
Bonus Knowledge: Normal PCV values are about 35–55% in mammals and 35–50% in birds
A juvenile opossum weighs 0.6 kg.
The patient shows sunken eyes and persistent skin tenting, and is assessed as 8% dehydrated.
There is also an estimated blood loss equivalent to 5% body weight Maintenance fluids: 80 mL/kg/day
Maintenance: 0.6x80=48mL/kg/day
Deficit: 600x0.08=48mL
Blood Loss 5%: 600x0.05=30
Total Fluids: 48+48+30=126mL/day
BID 2 times as grabbing more than that can cause more stress than being helful 126/2=63 wich should fit. If it does not just do as much as possible.
In what situation would you choose IV fluids over SQ fluids in wildlife rehab?
Severe dehydration, shock, or collapse where rapid vascular access and immediate effect are needed
A bald eagle is being handled for treatment and is partially sedated. The clinician wants to secure the feet to prevent injury to staff in case the bird wakes up or struggles. What type of wrap/bandage would you use?
Ball bandage
What are the steps of making and staining a blood smear using diff quick stain in the correct order?