Vocabulary
A radical and often violent change to a country’s political, economic or social system.
Revolution
How many colonies were there in America when the revolution began?
Thirteen.
In what year did THE OUTBREAK OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION occur?
in 1789
In 1799, Napoleon was named cónsul, and the Consulate’s rule began. This was a period of _______ and _________ rule.
autocratic and authoritarian rule.
The Restoration is the name given to the period between the end of the _________ and the beginning of the ___________, characterised by an attempt to return to __________ in European countries.
between the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the liberal revolutions, characterised by an attempt to return to absolutism in European countries
A political theory opposed to absolutism and which defends the separation of powers, national sovereignty and legal equality.
Liberalism
Complete the phrase:
To strengthen its position against Britain, delegates from the colonies met in _______ and made the _________ on ________.
To strengthen its position against Britain, delegates from the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia and drafted the United States Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776.
What inspired/stimulated the French Revolution?
- The impact of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution
- The social and economic crisis
Napoleon aspired to put an end to the political instability of the Revolution, consolidate some of the revolutionary principles and promote economic recovery through a government that represented the interests of the ___________.
bourgeoisie
What is nationalism?
Nationalism is a social, cultural and political movement which appeared in this century in order to fight for the right of nations to own their territory and government, that is, to create a State.
Basic law which defines the rights and liberties of the citizens of a specific country, and the powers and institutions of its government.
Constitution
Why did the American colonies revolt?
They were unhappy with Britain for not allowing them to send representatives to Parliament and for imposing commercial monopolies (they only could trade with Great Britain) and taxes.
How was the Social Republic formed? (Why? What caused it?)
The betrayal of the king (not accepting the changes of the Constitution & fleeing France) and the military invasion (Austria) led to the revolt by the common people (sans-culottes). On 10 August 1792, they stormed Tuileries Palace and imprisoned the royal family. A republic was declared (September 1792).
Describe the Constitution of 1800.
(3/4)
The Constitution of 1800 did not include the separation of powers or a declaration of rights. Liberties were very limited and public opinion was censured.
The state was organised into departments that were run by prefects who implement government policies.
The public finance sector was reformed, and state schools were created.
Napoleon allowed exiles to return and signed an agreement with the Church called a concordat, and a Civil Code for all citizens was made.
What are the current elements which resulted from the French Revolution? (4)
a) The basis of democracy.
b) Political parties
c) Economic liberalisation.
d) Public education and culture.
Explain the Third State (What was it? who made up the Third State?)
Name received by almost the whole population during the Ancien Régime, around 90% of population, who did not have economic, political or social privileges. It was composed of bourgeoisie, peasants and artisans.
4/5
The Constitution was completed by a Bill of Rights that guaranteed freedom of ______, ______, ______, and ______, as well as the right to _____ by jury.
The Constitution was completed by a Bill of Rights that guaranteed freedom of religion, press, speech, and assembly, as well as the right to trial by jury.
When the National Constituent Assembly broke with the Ancien Régime, what did this mean? What changed? (3 main things)
▪ Feudalism was abolished
▪ Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was approved. It recognised the rights, individual freedoms and equality of all citizens in law and taxation (August 1789)
▪ Drew up of a Constitution (1791) based on the separation of powers, national sovereignty, and legal equality, though the king reserved the right of veto.
Describe THE FALL OF NAPOLEON
(How did it occur?)
The French armies occupied the European nations by force and made Napoleon’s family members army generals. They also promoted economic interests of France over liberal ideals or the development of newly conquered countries.
This caused the emergence of resistance movements and provoked strong nationalist feelings in conquered countries such as Spain, Poland, Germany and Italy.
The failure of the invasion of Russia in 1808 and the 1812 revolt in Spain marked the decline of the Napoleonic Empire.
In 1815, the imperial armies were defeated in Waterloo by Great Britain and Prussia. Napoleon abdicated after the defeat and was set into exile on the island of Santa Helena, where he died in 1821.
What were the ideological principles of the Restoration that the Congress of Vienna established? (3/4)
▪ Legitimacy of the absolute monarchs
▪ Denial of popular sovereignty
▪ Balance of powers between the great Powers through periodic meetings
▪ Right of intervention in foreign countries
Define Estates-General.
Assembly convened exceptionally by French kings to discuss urgent matters or approve new taxes. In the Estates-General, the three estates met separately (clergy, Nobility, Third Estate). Each state had one vote, even though the Third Estate had twice as many representatives as the other estates.
Connecticut; Delaware; Georgia; Maryland; Massachusetts; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; North Carolina; Pennsylvania; Rhode Island; South Carolina; Virginia
DESCRIBE HE OUTBREAK OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: How/Why did it start? What happened/What were the first events in the revolution (rebellion)?
The Estates-General met in Versailles in May 1789. Because of the denial of privileged groups to accept a greater representation of the Third Estate in the assembly (one vote per representative), the Third Estate representatives left the meeting. They met in a pavilion in Versailles (Jeu de Paume) and proclaimed themselves the National Constituent Assembly and they agreed to draft a constitution that reflected the will of the majority of French people. The people of Paris supported the Assembly’s proposals and, on July 14, they stormed the Bastille prison.
The revolution spread to the countryside, where nobles’ homes were burnt (the Great Fear). Louis XVI was frightened by the situation and, in the autumn of 1789, accepted the National Assembly, which made France a constitutional monarchy and ended the Ancien Régime.
Explain how the Napoleonic Empire formed.
- Since 1803, Napoleon started his conquest of Europe and was crowned emperor by the Pope. His large army and the use of new military tactics enabled him to defeat most European monarchies.
- After Frances’s victory over Austria and Russia at Austerlitz, the French troops seemed unstoppable. Some territories were annexed to France and, in other cases, France satellite states were created.
- In 1808, the French invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte, one of the emperor’s brothers, was made king. In 1811, the Napoleonic Empire had reached its zenith: it extended from Germany to Spain; apart from Great Britain, France controlled most of Europe.
Describe ‘THE SPRING OF NATIONS’.
A revolutionary wave of 1848, which showed how countries under the control of empires (Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire) wanted to pursue the idea of nationalism and the creation of new liberal governments.
These revolutions had a great political and social impact. In the Austrian Empire, the revolution forced chancellor Metternich to resign. There were also nationalist uprisings in Hungary. Bohemian, northern Italy and the German Confederation. In France, a popular uprising proclaimed the Second Republic, which adopted several democratic measures, such as universal male suffrage, press freedom, abolition of the death penalty and recognition of certain rights for workers.