2TS1_April_25_Review_Tenses_§_Modals

Tenses 1: How was your holiday?

100

What ________ you ________ during the holiday?

What did you do...?

200

I ____________ to Lugano last week.

What about you?

________ you ________ anywhere?

went / travelled

Did you go ....?  Did you travel...?

300

_____________you ever___________  to Lugano before?

Have you ever been to...? / have you ever travelled...?

400

I _________________ to Lugano four times so far.

so far = until now

I have been... /have travelled

500

I ___________________ about Lugano ever since I got back.

I have been thinking...

I have been dreaming....

I have been reading...

Tenses 2: What are you reading?

100

I __________________ an interesting book at the moment. It's entitled The Sympathizer and it ______ about the Vietnam War.

am reading

is

200

I started reading it 3 days ago.

So I _____________________ it for 3 days.

have been reading

300

I __________ never _________ anything like this before. ( to read)

have never read

(read - read - read)

/ri:d/  /red/  /red/

400

So far I __________________ 120 pages (it's quite a long book).

I have read

(read - read - read)

500

Anyway, I ______________________ (learn) many facts about this war that I didn't know before. 

I am learning

I have learned

I have been learning

Tenses 3: French elections

100

Yesterday Emmanuel Macron ________ a second term as president of France. (win)

won

200

His opponent, Marine Le Pen, ____________ to become president three times so far. (to fail)

has failed

300

One of the voters said:

“I ___________ (be) very anxious for the last three days.” 

“I __________ (vote) for Macron in part because of the war. It was a vote in favor of peace."

have been

voted (acceptable: have voted)

400

However, 28 percent of the French electorate __________ (choose) not to vote.

chose 

(have chosen)

(we use past simple as we know exactly what day we're talking about; however "have chosen" is also acceptable as the time is not clearly mentioned)

500

Politicians ______ now _______________ ahead to the parliamentary elections in June. (to look)

are now looking

Modals: present § future

100

Ability § Permission: use a modal in the spaces 

I didn't ski when I was a child, but I _______________ ski now.

__________ I have your attention please?

I can ski...

Can / Could / May I have your attention...

200

Logical deduction, strong probability (affirmative § negative)

1. I've just heard you've passed your exams. You _____________ be so excited! (to pass = réussir)

Probability / strong probability

2. Please wait here. The nurse _____________ be here any minute.

3. How come he said that? He  ___________ be that stupid!

1. you must be

2. the nurse should be here (ought to be here) 

3. you can't say / couldn't say / you shouldn't say / also acceptable: mustn't say

300

Obligation and lack (=manque) of obligation

1. In our school students ______________ wear a uniform. (are obliged)

2. In our school, students ____________________ wear a uniform but they are expected to dress in an appropriate manner

Prohibition (interdiction)

3. It's forbidden to talk on the phone on Japanese trains. You ___________ talk on the phone on Japanese trains.

1. students must wear / have to wear (also: need to wear)

2. don't have to wear / don't need to wear / needn't wear (they are not obliged)

3. mustn't talk / can't talk

400

Possibility (3 possibilities)

Why is Lou absent today?

She .................... be sick.

She may be sick.

She might be sick.

She could be sick.

500

Advice (3 possibilities):

You _________ vote early.

should vote

ought to vote /ɔːtə/

had better (you had better vote = you'd better vote)

HAD BETTER is an expression meaning SHOULD ("had" loses its meaning here)

Modals: past

100

Ability § Permission

When I was a kid I ____________ draw beautifully. This talent has vanished in the meantime.

I ___________ to use a dictionary during yesterday's test.

I could draw... ( I had the ability) / was able to

I was allowed to..... (I had the permission)

200

Positive past logical deduction: You must have felt so proud when you found out about your son's job!

(MUST + HAVE + V3) 

1. Anne: "How did the cat get in?"

Jules: "Dad _______________ (leave) the window open.

Negative past logical deduction: You can't have finished school so early! You couldn't have finished...

(CAN'T HAVE + V3) (COULDN'T HAVE + V3)

2. That was insane. You _________________ (invent) the whole scenario.

1.Dad must have left the window open.... 

(you're pretty sure he left it open, but it's the speaker's deduction / supposition)

2. You can't have invented .... / you couldn't have invented 

( I think it's impossible that you invented it: again it's the speaker's deduction)

300

Obligation (HAD TO) or lack of obligation (DIDN'T HAVE TO / DIDN'T NEED TO)

I _______________ wake very early today because I had a meeting at 7 am!

My husband bought a cake for Easter so I ______________ cook any!

I had to wake

I didn't have to cook / I didn't need to cook

400

Past possibility: I may / might / could have hurt you, sorry.

(MAY/MIGHT/COULD + HAVE + V3)

Lou was absent yesterday. She ____________________ ( be) sick.

Remark:

I could have left my phone in the office. (It's possible I left it, I don't know)

I could have hurt myself. (It was a possibility but it didn't happen)

She may have been sick / might have been sick / coud have been sick.

HURT - HURT - HURT

500

Advice / criticism about past situations: You should have been more careful.

SHOULD + HAVE + V3

It was a bad idea to go there. You ______________ (stay) home.

You should have stayed home.

Note that we can also say:

You ought to have stayed home.