Locke
What was John Locke's nationality & what was his most famous work?
English, The Second Treatise of Government
What was Jean-Jacques Rousseau's nationality and what was his most famous work?
French, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
What was Thomas Hobbes nationality & his most famous work?
English, The Leviathan
“The first man, who, after enclosing a piece of ground, took it into his head to say, "This is mine," and found people simple enough to believe him, was the true founder of civil society.”
Rousseau
is a political theory that asserts that monarchs derive their authority directly from God and are not subject to earthly authority.
Divine Right of Kings
What two words are essential to Locke's idea of the state of nature?
Complete equality and freedom
Rousseau describes 2 things that govern all of human interaction before any law or "natural law" of other philosophers, what are they?
Pity and Self-Preservation
What does Hobbes think life is like for human beings in the state of nature?
Violent, solitary, poor, nasty, etc.
“And the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
Hobbes
the condition of human beings before the establishment of organized society or government, where individuals are free to act according to their own desires and interests.
State of Nature
How does one acquire private property from the state of nature according to Locke?
By taking it out of the state of nature with their labor and making it useful to them
Who, according to Rousseau, was the true founder of civil society?
The first person to claim some piece of land/property was theirs. (creation of private property)
Hobbes argues that all human actions are fundamentally motivated by what basic principle?
self-preservation.
“Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent.”
Locke
is the intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority.
The Enlightenment
Locke argues that individuals create political society primarily to protect which fundamental rights?
Life, liberty, and property.
What term does Rousseau use to describe the type of inequality that arises from differences in wealth, honor, and power created by social conventions?
Moral or political inequality.
In Hobbes’ political theory, which form of government does he consider most capable of providing security and stability?
Absolute monarchy
“So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel: First, Competition; Secondly, Dissidence; Thirdly, Glory."
Hobbes
a concept that argues individuals give up certain freedoms and submit to a government in exchange for protection and order.
Social Contract Theory
According to Locke, political authority is legitimate only when it is based on what key principle?
Consent
How was government created out of the state of nature according to Rousseau?
It was created by a lie from the rich to the poor, promising to keep the safe and protected while really make inequality permanent
What metaphorical creature does Hobbes use to symbolize a powerful, unified sovereign authority capable of maintaining peace?
The Leviathan.
What does the inscription over the Temple at Delphi say?
Mr. Sutton Fun Fact....This drinks rise in popularity is considered by some to be a major cause for Enlightenment thinking.
Coffee