Unique Nature of Pure Water
This type of weak bond connects one water molecule to another.
What is a hydrogen bond?
This tool is used by scientists to measure water clarity.
What is a Secchi disk?
The average salinity of the ocean is about this many parts per thousand.
What is 35‰ (3.5 percent)?
This gas is responsible for causing ocean acidification when it dissolves in seawater.
What is carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
In the carbon cycle, this process by plants turns carbon dioxide into glucose.
What is photosynthesis?
Water molecules are polar because the oxygen end is slightly negative, and the hydrogen ends are slightly this.
What is positive?
This color of light penetrates the deepest in the ocean.
What is blue light?
These two ions make up about 85% of the dissolved salts in seawater.
What are sodium and chloride?
The average pH of the ocean normally falls between these two numbers.
What are 8.0 and 8.3?
This process performed by animals, decomposers, and even plants returns CO₂ to the atmosphere.
What is respiration?
Because of hydrogen bonds, water has this property that allows it to stick to itself.
What is cohesion?
With every 10 meters of ocean depth, pressure increases by this much.
What is one atmosphere (1 atm)?
Adding pure water to seawater affects its salinity in this way.
What is it decreases salinity?
Shell-building animals are most affected by ocean acidification because they need this ion to make calcium carbonate.
What are carbonate ions?
The carbon that starts in the atmosphere enters the ocean mainly through this process.
What is diffusion (dissolving of CO₂ into the water)?
Water has this property that allows it to absorb and release heat slowly, helping marine life survive temperature changes.
What is high heat capacity?
Sound travels about 4.5 times faster in water than in air because water is this.
What is denser?
Hydrothermal vents add sulfides and chlorides to seawater, while rivers add these three ions.
What are sodium, potassium, and magnesium?
Name one biological or behavioral effect ocean acidification has on marine animals besides shell damage.
What is weakened immune systems, reduced metabolism, or altered behavior?
The breakdown of dead organisms that releases carbon back into the environment is called this.
What is decomposition?
Explain why ice floats on water and why that is important for aquatic life.
What is because ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float and insulate the water below so organisms can survive?
This natural ocean layer allows low-frequency sound waves to travel thousands of kilometers and is used by whales for communication
What is the SOFAR (Deep Sound) Channel?
Temperature usually affects the density of seawater more than salinity does because this factor varies more widely.
What is temperature?
As ocean acidification increases, this property of underwater sound changes, affecting whales and other marine animals.
What is sound travels farther underwater?
Explain how the carbon cycle connects the atmosphere, ocean, and living organisms.
What is carbon moves between them through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition?