Diagnostic Imaging
What diagnostic tool uses ionizing radiation to produce two-dimensional images of dense material such as bones?
X-ray
Cancer can occur because of changes in the DNA. A change in DNA is called a __________
Mutation
mRNA is reverse transcribed into cDNA. What does the c in cDNA stand for?
Complimentary
What is the sequence of events in the life of a cell that gets disrupted when cancer occurs?
Cell cycle
List TWO factors that can influence one's ability to develop cancer in their lifetime
Family history
Chemical exposure
Smoker
Heavy Drinker
Age
Sun exposure
High blood pressure
CT scan
What is the name of the gene that needs two mutated copies for cancer to occur?
Tumor-suppressor gene
What color would you expect to see on a microarray if the gene is expressed in neither cancerous or healthy cells?
Black or grey
What is the name of the procedure that removes tissues, cells and fluid to be examined?
Biopsy
Define the term metastasize
When cancer spreads to other parts of the body
List TWO common disadvantages to diagnostic imaging tools.
-Can cause allergic reactions
-Exposure to small amounts of radiation
-May induce claustrophobia
-May have issues with metal implanted devices
p53 is a tumor-suppressor gene, meaning its function in the cell is to:
a. Cause a loss of control of the cell cycle by accelerating the cell cycle
b. Make protein products, called oncogenes, that may slow/inhibit the cell cycle
c. Make protein products that slow/inhibit the cell cycle
d. Activate proto-oncogenes to convert them into oncogenes
C: Make protein products that slow/inhibit the cell cycle
What term is used to describe what occurs when more mRNA is produced than normal?
Upregulation
Programmed cell death is referred to as __________
Apoptosis
Match the following characteristics to cancerous cells or noncancerous cells:
1. Large, variably shaped nucleus (sometimes nuclei)
2. Organized arrangement of cells
3. Large cytoplasm
1. cancerous
2. healthy
3. healthy
Magnets and radio waves
What are the genes that induce cell division and act as the gas pedal of a car?
Proto-oncogenes
True or False: A red spot on a microarray indicates that the gene is only expressed in cancerous cells.
FALSE! This indicates that the gene is expressed MORE in cancerous cells, but does not mean that is is only expressed in cancerous cells.
A protein that is found on the surface of cells and receives chemical signals is known as a _____________ protein
Receptor
Most inherited cancers, such as the BRCA1 gene that is known to cause breast and ovarian cancer when mutated, are what type of gene?
Tumor suppressor genes
What is the name given to the tiny amounts of radioactive material that is used in bone scans?
Any of the following would be acceptable:
tracers, radiotracers, radionuclides
Where do cells go during interphase if they are not yet ready to begin DNA replication?
G0 phase
Place the following steps in order:
Label cDNA to be visualized in the microarray
Combine/overlap cDNA images
Isolate mRNA from cells of interest
Analyze the microarray
Red and green cDNA are both applied to the same microarray
mRNA is reverse transcribed
1. Isolate mRNA from cells
2. mRNA is reverse transcribed
3. Label cDNA to be visualized in microarray
4. Red and green cDNA are both applied to the same microarray
5. Analyze the microarray
6. Combine/overlap red and green cDNA images
What is the name of a cell signal molecule that stimulates cell growth?
Growth factor
When are CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
Always! They only become active when they are bound to cyclins.