Phonetics and Phonology
Define articulatory phonetics
production of speech sounds and their categorization
according to specific features of how they are
produced (how sounds are formed)
Compare and contrast monophthongs and diphthongs
Monophthongs
Pure vowels
o Single, unchanging vowel quality
o Designated using one symbol in IPA
o Constitute most of the vowel system
o Divided into front, central, and back
o Can be distinguished from one another based on
two features
o Tongue height and tongue advancement
Diphthongs
Vowels produced with a gradually
changing vowel quality
• Have two components – onglide and
offglide
Describe the difference between phonological and speech sound
Speech sound development is just proficiency of a
child to produce standard speech sound patterns
• Phonological development implies the acquisition
of a functional sound system intricately connected
to the child’s overall growth in language
speech sounds- /r/
phonological- pattern based
Describe the difference in reflexive and non reflexive
Reflexive: cries, coughs, burps, involuntary
grunts that seem to be automatic responses
reflecting the physical state of the infant
• Don’t change much over the first year
– Nonreflexive: cooing, voluntary grunts, jargon
babbling
• Contain some of the phonetic features found in adult language
Define/ describe phoneme v allophone
Phoneme: is a basic sound segment that as
the linguistic function of distinguishing
morphemes
Cat, mat, fat, rat, bat, pat, vat, hat
Allophones: members of a family of
sounds
Phonetic variant of a phoneme
Define and provide an example of a phoneme
Smallest unit of sound in a specific
language that distinguishes one word
from another
m
p
b
Define and provide examples:
onglide
off glide
Onglide: is the vowel the diphthong
begins with
Is acoustically more prominent and usually
longer
Offglide: is the vowel to which it changes
Typically higher tongue position than onglide
List the three areas that need to develop for speech sound acquisition
1. Cognitive development
2. Motor skills
3. Perceptual skills
Describe perceptual constancy
the ability to identify the same sound across different speakers,pitches, and other changing environmental
conditions
define/describe phonetic inventory
All the sounds the child produces
Distribution of those sounds by word
position
Targets what child can say, not just the
errors or the processes that are operating
Identify the three physiological subsystems contribute to speech production and describe how they contribute.
1. Respiratory system
• Provides the airflow, or energy source
2. Larynx
• Vocal folds vibrate rapidly to create sound
3. Articulatory/resonating system
• The cavities of the vocal tract modify the sound waves to create all
the vowels and consonants
• Pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, and nasal cavity
Describe the difference between sonorants and obstruents
sonorants
Vowel like quality
• Think open
nasals, liquids, glides
obstruents
Sounds that are made with enough
constriction in the vocal tract to impede or
obstruct the airstream
stops, fricatives, affricates
Describe the difference in reduplicated, variegated, and jargon
same consonant vowel string - bababa
variegated- various consonants and vowels
jargon- addition of adult like supersegmentals
Identify the most common first manner and place
stops
labials
identify the three components which influence phoneme acquisition
- Articulatory complexity
– Input frequency
– Functional load
Draw the vowel quad and provide a word example for each vowel.
beet
sit
late
bed
cat
enough
swimmer
third
boo
book
ocean
mall
rock
Identify and provide provide examples of the parts of syllable
onset
nucleus
coda
sat
at
too
nucleus and coda- rhyme
at
Identify four structural/ functional components that need to change, grow, or develop for speech production
Respiratory system changes:
Shape, size, and composition are dramatically modified
from infancy to adulthood
– At birth, only between 1/3 and ½ of the # of alveoli are
present
– Between 1.5-3 years, respiratory control increasingly
supports the production of longer utterances and the
number of alveoli increase
– By 7-8 years, adultlike breathing patterns are beginning
to be achieved and the number of alveoli reaches adult
values
Phonatory and Resonatory system changes
tongue size
sucking pads
larynx
the downward displacement of the hyoid bone and
larynx, away from the base of the skull and the
mandible
Thyroid cartilage enlarges more than the cricoid cartilage
• Epiglottis becomes larger and more firm
• Arytenoid cartilages (which were relatively large in the
early stages) change little in size but rather adapt
structurally and functionally to the other laryngeal
structures
• Vocal and ventricular folds lengthen
– More of the vocal folds’ muscular portion is now freed for
normal vocal cord vibration
Stabilization of the pharyngeal airway
Extra Credit:
What is Dr. Wallace current song obsession and who sings it?
Crowded Table
The Highwomen
Identify the earliest nasals and stops
m n
p b
How do we categorize consonants?
List all
Place- bilabial, labio dental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
manner- stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, liquid, glide
voice - voiced, voiceless
describe how the syllables can increase in complexity and describe
number of syllables mono or multi
types of syllables open or close
syllable stress stressed, unstressed
number of grouped consonants- s, st, str
Identify the prelinguistic sequence of development
phonation stage
primitive articulation stage
expansion stage
canonical babbling
integrative
first word
Describe the difference between developmental
non developmental and atypical errors
non-developmental:
• Speech error that will probably not self correct unless the
child receives speech therapy
• If the child is older than the expected age of acquisition,
there is no reason to expect the child will acquire the phoneme without intervention
– Developmental and non-developmental errors may be substitutions, omissions, or distortions that occur commonly in the speech of young children
Atypical errors
– Very unusual error
– Occurs in the speech of less than 5% of children at any age
Identify the three types of processes that are common phonological process errors
. Syllable structure processes
• Change the shape of the target word
2. Harmony processes
• Simplify the words by making the segments more
similar to each other
3. Substitution processes
• Substituting one phoneme for another