Algal Ancestry and Shared Traits
Plants share a common ancestor with this group of green algae in the Archaeplastida supergroup.
Charophytes
This waxy covering on plant surfaces resists desiccation but requires pores for gas exchange.
Cuticle (waxy cuticle)
This type of life cycle, unique to land plants, alternates between a haploid multicellular form and a diploid multicellular form.
Alternation of generations
Name the three phyla collectively called 'Bryophytes.'
Marchantiophyta (liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (hornworts), Bryophyta (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants possess two types of vascular tissue. Name both and state what each transports.
Xylem (transports water and minerals) and Phloem (transports sugars, amino acids, and organic products)
These four characteristics are shared by chlorophytes, charophytes, and plants.
Multicellularity, cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & b, and starch as storage molecule
These adjustable pores in most vascular plants allow controllable CO₂/O₂ exchange.
Stomata
In bryophytes, this generation is dominant (longest lasting/largest); in seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte takes over as dominant.
Gametophyte (in bryophytes)
This peat-forming moss genus is harvested for fuel and has preserved corpses for thousands of years.
Sphagnum
Only lycophytes have these small, spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue.
Microphylls
This supergroup of eukaryotes contains red algae, green algae, and plants.
Archaeplastida
This mutualistic association with fungi aids water and mineral absorption and predates true roots.
Mycorrhizae
Spores are protected during air dispersal by this tough polymer in their walls.
Sporopollenin
Bryophytes use these structures for attachment instead of true roots
Rhizoids
Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns all belong to this phylum.
Monilophyta
By 470 mya, multicellular green algae expanded from shallow seas into these two types of freshwater habitats.
Rivers and lakes
These chemicals produced by plants deter, repel, or poison competitors, herbivores, and parasites. Give two examples.
Secondary metabolites (secondary compounds); examples include caffeine and latex rubber
Sperm are protected within this male gametangium; eggs are protected within the archegonium.
Antheridium
In the moss life cycle, the germinating spore first becomes this filamentous structure before differentiating into a bud.
Protonema
These clusters of sporangia are found on the underside of fern sporophylls.
Sori
These five advantages made land colonization favorable for early algae.
Higher CO₂, higher light intensity, more minerals, no herbivores, and no competition
This zone of continuously dividing cells at root and shoot tips allows plants to grow toward resources.
Apical meristem
In homosporous plants, one spore type gives rise to this kind of gametophyte.
A bisexual (hermaphroditic) gametophyte that produces both eggs and sperm
Hornworts have a symbiotic relationship with these nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes.
Cyanobacteria
In heterosporous plants, megaspores produce female gametophytes and microspores produce male gametophytes. Name one group of seedless vascular plants that is heterosporous.
Spike mosses (Selaginella) or quillworts (Isoetes)