History of veterinary vaccination
This founder of immunology proposed generalizing the name "vaccine" for all inoculations in honor of Edward Jenner.
Who was Louis Pasteur?
The main advantage of live attenuated vaccines, due to which a single application is often sufficient to induce protection.
What is high immunogenicity (or strong antibody and cellular immunity)?
The two most common ways microorganisms are killed (inactivated) in the laboratory for the needs of these vaccines.
What are heat (thermal) and chemical methods (e.g., formalin)?
The main structural advantage of subunit vaccines, which eliminates adverse reactions of the immune system.
What is the absence of ballast components?
The most frequently used prokaryotic host cell (bacterium) for the expression and mass production of recombinant proteins.
What is Escherichia coli?
The ancient practice of intentionally exposing healthy people to the variola virus to prevent smallpox, documented as early as 200 BC in China.
What is variolation?
The process by which a pathogen loses its pathogenicity/virulence during repeated cultivation in cell cultures.
What is passaging?
The technical term for a killed bacterium (or part of it) used as a vaccine antigen.
What is a bacterin?
A specific three-dimensional region on antibodies that can perfectly mimic the original antigen and trigger an immune response.
What is an idiotope (in anti-idiotypic vaccines)?
A vaccine from which a specific gene has been genetically deleted, allowing for the serological differentiation of a vaccinated animal from a demonstrably infected animal.
What is a negative marker vaccine?
The year in which Edward Jenner introduced vaccination using the cowpox virus.
What is the year 1798?
The greatest potential safety risk when using attenuated strains in live vaccines.
What is reversion to a virulent strain?
A bacterial exotoxin that has been chemically or thermally deprived of its toxic effect but has retained its immunogenicity.
What is a toxoid?
The abbreviation for immunostimulating complexes (lipid structures) that serve as modern carriers for low-immunogenic subunit vaccines.
What are ISCOMs?
A vaccine that uses a non-pathogenic virus or cell as a "carrier," into whose genome a gene for the target antigen of another pathogen has been integrated.
What is a vector vaccine?
An infectious disease of poultry against which Louis Pasteur "accidentally" discovered the first laboratory-attenuated vaccine in 1879.
What is fowl cholera (caused by Pasteurella multocida)?
The term for live vaccines that utilize the antigenic similarity of another virus that is harmless to the given species (e.g., measles virus against canine distemper).
What are heterologous viruses?
A substance/vehicle that must be added to inactivated vaccines because the killed pathogen alone triggers a low immune response.
What is an adjuvant?
A type of vaccine consisting of a chemically synthesized molecule that mimics only a specific immunogenic epitope of the pathogen.
What are peptide vaccines?
The main logistical and storage disadvantage that currently limits the mass deployment of mRNA vaccines in veterinary practice the most.
What is the requirement for storage at very low temperatures?
The first and so far only animal disease that WOAH and FAO declared globally eradicated in 2011 thanks to vaccination.
What is rinderpest?
An example of a fully virulent bacterial strain historically used to immunize pigs against swine erysipelas.
What is Rhusiopathia suis (or Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)?
Give at least two examples of viral diseases against which commercial inactivated vaccines exist.
What are Rabies, canine parvovirus, FeLV, or equine herpesvirus (EHV-1/4)?
Spherical lipid vesicles used as antigen carriers, currently applied primarily in research (e.g., for equine influenza).
What are liposomes?
A special technique for intradermal application of DNA vaccines, where plasmid DNA is adsorbed onto gold microparticles and literally "shot" into skin cells.
What is a gene gun?