3.3.3/3.3.4
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.
Define the term cell respiration.
This energy system primarily fuels activities lasting up to 10 seconds.
What is the ATP-PC system?
This term refers to the overall decrease in performance due to prolonged exercise.
What is fatigue?
The difference between required oxygen for work and oxygen actually consumed
What is oxygen Deficit?
-In the presence of oxygen pyruvate is processed by the Kreb's cycle which liberates electrons that are passed through the electron transport chain producing energy (ATP).
-Fats are also broken down by beta-oxidation that liberates a greater number of electrons thus more ATP.
-In the presence of oxygen and in extreme cases, protein is also utilized.
Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the aerobic system.
This hormone regulates blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in cells
What is insulin?
-ATP is converted into ADP when a phosphate molecule is released.
-Liberates chemical energy for muscle contraction, breaking high-energy bonds.
-No further energy can be created until ATP is resynthesized (a reversible process).
Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction.
-Also known as anaerobic glycolysis.
-Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen.
-Pyruvate then converted into lactic acid.
-Which limits the amount of ATP produced to 2 molecules.
-For performance of longer sprints, rapid re-synthesis of ATP required using this system.
Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system.
129 ATP
The ATP yield of the fat oxidation system
This method involves the application of ice to an injury to minimize swelling and pain
What is cryotherapy?
-The bands between the three organic phosphate groups are energy-rich and energy is released when ATP is combined with water.
-This results in a loss of the last phosphate group from the chain.
-Large amounts of energy are released.
-This process in reverse is known as phosphorylation, ATP synthesized by adding a phosphate group to ADP.
Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate molecule.
This physiological phenomenon describes the body's ability to increase blood flow to active muscles during exercise
What is vasodilation?
This term refers to the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles, leading to discomfort and decreased performance
What is lactic acidosis
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is processed by the Krebs cycle, which liberates electrons that are passed through the electron transport chain producing energy (Atp). Fats are also broken down by beta-oxidation that liberates a greater number of electrons thus more ATP.
Describe how ATP is made from fatty acids?
This injury prevention strategy involves strengthening muscles around a joint to enhance stability and reduce injury risk.
What is proprioceptive training?
This hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels in the blood
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
-Creatine phosphate, like ATP is another high energy chemical compound.
-It is broken down to provide a phosphate molecule for the re-synthesis of ATP that has been utilized during the initial stages of exercise.
-For performance in shorter sprints, rapid re-synthesis of ATP required using ATP-CP.
Describe the re-synthesis of ATP by the ATP-CP system.
This condition arises from excessive training without adequate recovery, leading to prolonged fatigue and performance decline
What is overtraining syndrome?
creatine phosphate pathway (ATP-PC or CP)
Anaerobic glycolysis/lactic acid pathway
Aerobic pathway (aerobic glycolysis and fat oxidation)
Three types of energy systems
This rehabilitation technique involves using electrical impulses to stimulate muscle contraction and promote healing.
What is neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)?
This hormone, produced in response to stress, can affect glucose metabolism and immune function.
What is cortisol?
This physiological response involves increased capillary density in muscles as a result of endurance training.
What is angiogenesis?
This phenomenon occurs when an athlete experiences a significant decline in performance due to inadequate recovery
What is chronic fatigue syndrome?
-When exercise begins abruptly the demand for ATP is immediate, being met initially with ATP stores, quickly followed by PCr and anaerobic glycolysis, the lactic acid system.
-Oxygen debt is now known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC).
Explain the phenomena of oxygen deficit and oxygen debt.
This technique involves using heat to promote blood flow and healing in soft tissue injuries
What is thermotherapy?