Theories of Skill Acquisition
A linear approach that is highly structured. The coach controls and directs the learning process and passes the knowledge onto the learner. The instructor is the authority and holder of knowledge and makes all the decisions.
What is direct instruction (or explicit learning)?
The first stage of learning, synonymous with a lot of mistakes and rapid improvement.
What is the cognitive stage?
The reason why seated throws don't travel as far as standing throws.
What is you do not use as many body parts?
Externally paced; low predictability; high variability.
What are open motor skills?
The two categories of individual constraints, referring to an individual's body structure and their behaviours.
What are structural and functional constraints?
A coaching model that allows the learner to explore movement skills and solve movement problems with less input from the coach and more significant interaction with other learners.
What is a constraint-based approach?
Characterised by greater consistency and accuracy, fewer errors, the ability to self-detect errors and self-correct movements, improved timing and coordination, and decreased attentional demand for the skill.
What is the associative stage?
Newton's Third Law, with an example.
What is for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, e.g., a basketballer launching for a dunk places force on the basketball court which, in turn, forces the basketballer into the air.
The critical window (or age range) for developing fundamental motor skills.
What is childhood (6-10)?
Rules, equipment, required speed and accuracy.
What are task-related constraints?
When practice tasks are performed without specific instruction. The learner works out what is required by exploring different options. The coach supports the learner by manipulating practice conditions, implementing task constraints, and questioning.
What is implicit learning?
The autonomous stage of learning.
What is the final stage of learning? The skill is largely automatic; the performer no longer consciously thinks about it. Improvement is slow, but even minor developments are essential. Learners in this stage demonstrate low attentional focus on the skill, high accuracy and efficiency, smooth, coordinated movement, a dramatic slowing in improvement, and an increased understanding of their performance and the ability to self-correct errors.
The factor affecting the path of a projectile that is higher for seated throws than standing throws.
What is angle of release?
The link between motor skill development, participation, and performance.
What is the more a person participates, the more their motor skills develop, the better their performance is, and on and on and on and on and on..?
Three examples of environmental constraints.
Weather, playing surface, natural light, spectators, teammates, family, cultural norms, etc.
Three characteristics of a linear approach.
Being coach-centred, developing explicit steps to learning a skill, ensuring mastery at each stage, giving specific corrective feedback, providing adequate and systematic practice, etc.
Performance curve: improvement is rapid at first, then slows.
What is negative accelerating?
The three reasons why a gymnast tucks her arms into her body when performing spins.
What is to reduce her radius of rotation, decrease her moment of inertia, and increase her angular velocity?
When children have developed the skills, confidence, and love of movement to be physically active for life.
What is physical literacy?
Body structure, fitness (agility, strength, etc.), psychological factors, genetics, growth patterns, body size, flexibility, physiological capacity, body composition, skill learning, attention, anxiety, informational processing skills, confidence, arousal, etc.
Being learner-centred, the coach as a facilitator, questioning of the learner, exploration of the movement context, and the generation of knowledge.
The role of coaches during the cognitive stage of learning.
What is providing explicit instruction, giving clear, short and simple instruction, providing demonstrations, using part practice for complex skills, and giving feedback on error detection (how they are performing), and error correction (how they can improve)?
In relation to impulse, the reason why gymnasts, skateboarders, BMX riders, etc., use foam pits during training to avoid injury.
What is to increase the time over which force is applied in order to decrease the force of the impact?
What is open, closed, fine, gross, discrete, continuous, and serial?
Identify a task-constraint that can be applied to a child's sport training and justify how it can increase motor skill development.
What is