Goal Motivation + Mindsets
How does goal specificity influence behaviour?
It directs behaviour
When beliefs about who the self is and what the self does are inconsistent, resulting in a psychologically uncomfortable state
What is one's self-definition linked to?
Role enactment
What does reappraisal refer to?
Changing the way one thinks about a potential emotionally-eliciting situation to modify its emotional impact
What does emotional contagion refer to?
The tendency to automatically mimic and synchronize expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another person, and, consequently, to converge on the same emotional experience
Our ____________ are inherently dispositional states of being that predispose us to act in ways that are naturally inhibited or reserved, or in ways that are naturally adventurous.
Temperaments
When does plan discrepancy occur?
When there's a difference between how the individual's life is currently going and how they want it to go
What are the four main sources of self-efficacy?
Personal behaviour history, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological state
_________ refers to the process through which an individual takes in and accepts as their own an externally prescribed way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Internalization
Name the two functions of emotions.
Coping functions: help us deal with fundamental life tasks
Social functions: help us communicate with others
Outline the process of Arnold's appraisal theory.
Situation (life-event) → appraisal (good/beneficial vs bad/harmful) → emotions (liking vs disliking) → action (approach vs withdrawal)
What is the main goal of positive psychology?
To learn which actions lead to experiences of well-being
______ are "if-then" plans that specify in advance the goal-striving process
Implementation intentions
Name the three components of learned helplessness
Contingency: Relationship between a person's behaviour vs the environment's outcome
Cognition: Subjective personal control beliefs
Behvaiour: Listless, demoralizing coping behaviour
What does self-generated motivation lead to?
Self-concordant goals
What does the biological perspective say about emotions?
There are roughly 2-8 emotions that are brief in duration, stem from the subcortical brain, and are a result of the ancient evolutionary history of humans
Name the three fear allies
Anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and phobias
What is humanistic psychology concerned with in terms of strivings (2)?
Strivings toward growth and self-realization, and striving away from facade, self-concealment, and the pleasing of others.
Feedback: A process that feeds the output of a system back into the input, thus altering the input, which alters performance
Feedforward: A system whereby the output is adjusted before any deviation in the system occurs, through anticipation of what will soon happen
Differentiate between what triggers promotion mindsets vs prevention mindsets
Promotion: Improvement needs, goals that are viewed as ideals, and possible gains
Prevention: Security needs, goals viewed as obligations/responsibilities, and signs of possible loss
If someone chooses to develop their personal potential and regulate self-control, which view of the self to they see themselves as?
Self as agent
Supporting the fight or flight reaction
Which emotion arises from being morally superior to another person?
Contempt
Compare and contrast deficiency needs vs growth needs
Deficiency needs: Growth and development are inhibited when these needs are not met. These needs are necessary for survival (biological drives, etc.)
Growth needs: Provide energy and direction to become one's ultimate self, but are not necessarily a requirement for survival
Why is goal disengagement beneficial?
Giving up on one goal and adopting an alternative goal to achieve the same thing can lead to psychological well-being. Staying with a failing goal or giving up entirely can lead to psychological distress
Reactance is rooted in perceived control, whereas helplessness is rooted in its absence.
Reactance response precedes a helplessness response.
Reactance enhances performance, whereas helplessness undermines it
What might exerting self-control lead to (define the term)?
Ego depletion: changes in interpersonal interactions and within the self that eventually lead to a loss of self control (mental exhaustion)
What are the main differences between moods and emotions?
Moods: mild, long-lasting, everyday, low-level, general way of feeling; a blend of valence and arousal that can have either a positive or negative affect
Emotions; short-lived, feeling-arousal, purposeful-expression phenomenon that helps us adapt to opportunities and challenges we face during important life events
What are the two antecedents of empathy?
Mimicry and perspective taking
Identify all stages of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
In order: physiological needs, safety and security needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.