🚽 1. URINARY SYSTEM
This organ stores urine before it is excreted.
Bladder
Normal urine color.
Pale yellow
The body’s main source of energy.
Carbohydrates
Diet order meaning nothing by mouth.
NPO
Less than 3 bowel movements per week.
Constipation
These tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Ureters
The urine specimen collected over a full day.
24-hour urine collection
Macronutrient responsible for tissue repair and growth.
Protein
Diet of transparent liquids like broth and gelatin.
Clear liquid diet
More than 3 loose stools per day.
Diarrhea
Urine output less than 400 mL per day.
Oliguria
The urine sample collected midstream to reduce contamination.
Clean-catch specimen
This nutrient makes up about 50–60% of body weight.
Water
Diet including milk, pudding, and cream soups.
Full liquid diet
The second step of abdominal assessment after inspection.
Auscultation
Painful or difficult urination.
Dysuria
Normal urine specific gravity range.
1.005–1.030
This calculation compares weight and height (kg/m²) to classify individuals as underweight, normal weight, or obese.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
This diet is ordered to increase stool bulk and improve bowel movement, often recommended for patients with constipation.
High-fiber diet
Normal bowel sounds are usually heard this many times per minute.
5–30 times per minute
This sphincter allows voluntary control of urination.
External urethral sphincter
In a clean-catch urine specimen, patients are instructed to discard this part of the urine stream to reduce contamination.
The first portion of urine (first stream)
This type of vitamin can accumulate in body fat and potentially cause toxicity if consumed in excess.
Fat-soluble vitamins
This diet is often ordered when a patient cannot safely swallow solid foods, and all foods are blended to a smooth consistency.
Pureed diet
During abdominal assessment, this step is done last because it can stimulate bowel activity and change findings.
Deep palpation (accept: Palpation)