Chapter 1
Bacteria & Archaea
What is Prokaryotics?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What is matter?
Structure responsible for movement in microbes
What is Flagella?
Cell wall consisting of polysaccharides and glycoconjugates
What is Archaea?
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion
What is the Scientific Method?
Its cell wall is made up of chitin
What is Fungi?
Typically solid at room temperature, consists of fatty acid chains with no double bonds between carbon atoms, often found in animal products and certain plant oils
What is saturated fat?
This outer carbohydrate-rich layer, found on the surface of many cells, plays a key role in cell recognition, adhesion, and protection, often composed of polypeptides and polysaccharides that interact with the extracellular environment
What is glycocalyx?
This group serves as a baseline to compare the effects of the independent variable and ensure that results are due to the experimental manipulation
What is control group?
Living organisms could arise from nonliving matter
What is Spontaneous Generation?
A pathogen must…
-Be found in every case of a certain disease & NOT in healthy individuals à establishes a cause
-Be isolated & grown in pure culture à so it can be studied
-Any (healthy) subject that’s “infected” must present with the same S/Ss à indicates exposure
-Be re-isolated from the new host and identical to the pathogen that infects the next host
What is Koch's postulates?
The ability to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond, with elements like fluorine and oxygen exhibiting the highest tendencies to pull electron density toward themselves
What is electronegativity?
This type of solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell, causing water to move out of the cell via osmosis, which can lead to cell shrinkage or crenation
What is hypertonic solution?
These organelles are responsible for synthesizing proteins by reading messenger RNA and linking amino acids together in the process of translation
What is ribosomes?
This reaction involves the exchange of ions between two compounds in aqueous solution, typically resulting in the formation of a precipitate, gas, or weak electrolyte
What is exchange (double-replacement) reaction?
This process involves modifying environmental factors to promote microbial activity that breaks down contaminants in ecosystems such as soil, water, and underground layers, often as a sustainable alternative to chemical remediation
What is bioremediation?
This single-stranded nucleic acid, composed of ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases, is crucial for translating genetic information into proteins, often acting as a messenger between the genetic code and protein synthesis machinery
What is RNA?
This group of bacteria is characterized by a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, which often contributes to their resistance to certain antibiotics
What is gram - bacteria?
These organelles contain the pigment chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis, facilitating the production of oxygen as a byproduct
What is chloroplasts?
Consists of deoxyribose and phosphate groups, forming the strong, covalently bonded framework that supports the nitrogenous bases, which are attached through hydrogen bonds
What is DNA backbone structure?
This experiment demonstrated that fermentation could occur in yeast extracts without living cells, providing key evidence for the role of enzymes in biochemical processes
What is Buchner's Experiment?
This molecule consists of a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base adenine, and three phosphate groups, with the bonds between the phosphates storing and releasing energy during cellular processes like muscle contraction and protein synthesis
What is the structure of ATP?
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, typically involving specific transport proteins and the hydrolysis of ATP to fuel the movement
What is active membrane transport?
This molecule plays a key role in a bacterium's structural integrity and its ability to elicit immune responses in the host
What is lipopolysacharide?
This pioneering nurse revolutionized healthcare by introducing sanitation and hygiene practices in hospitals, significantly reducing mortality rates
What is Florence Nightingale?