Attribution and Bias
If you blame a friend’s lateness on their lazy personality, you are making what type of attribution?
Dispositional vs. Situational
The finding that you are more likely to like a new song after hearing it played on the ox multiple times.
Mere Exposure Effect
The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when they are part of a group than when they are working alone.
Social Loafing
This controversial experiment found that over 60% of participants would deliver a lethal shock simply because an authority figure told them to.
Milgram’s Study
The tendency to overestimate personality factors and underestimate situational factors when looking at another's behavior.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The mental tension we feel when our attitudes and behaviors don't match.
- Knowing that smoking is bad but still doing it.
Cognitive Dissonance
When a group of like-minded people discuss an issue, their opinions tend to become more extreme than they originally were.
Group Polarization
In this 1951 study involving vertical lines, participants conformed to a wrong answer provided by confederates 70% of the time.
The Asch Study
The tendency to take credit for your successes, however, is to blame your failures on external things going on.
Self-Serving Bias
A strategy where you get someone to agree on a small request first to increase the likelihood they will agree to a larger one later.
Foot-in-the-Door
The psychological state where people in a group or crowd lose their sense of personal identity, self-awareness, and individual responsibility
Deindividuation
This experiment had to be shut down early because the guards became too cruel to the prisoners.
Stanford Prison Guards
The belief that bad things happen to bad people often leads people to blame victims for their mistakes or misfortunes.
Just-World Belief
This explains that persuasion can happen through two routes: the central or peripheral.
Elaboration Likelihood
The phenomenon where the desire for group conformity overrides big problems, leading to poor or irrational decision-making
Groupthink
This study used superordinate goals to reduce prejudice between two hostile groups of campers.
Robbers Cave
The phenomenon where we explain our own behavior using the situation we are in, but others' behavior based on their personality.
Actor-Observer Bias
A strategy where you start with an unrealistic, large request, and after being rejected, follow up with a smaller, more reasonable one.
Door-in-the-Face
A factor in the bystander effect where individuals look to others to see how to react. If no one else looks and seems to have something wrong, it is concluded that nothing is wrong.
Pluralistic Ignorance
This study on Self-Fulfilling Prophecies showed that teachers positive expectations actually led to higher IQ scores in students.
Rosenthal & Jacobson