The Philippine-American War and Its Context
When did the Philippine-American War take place?
1899-1902
Roland Barthes referred to images of corpses as what?
Living images of the dead.
Who was on top of the hierarchy?
Christianized lowland groups (specifically Tagalogs)
Towards the end of the war did the American people support the war? Yes or No?
No.
The author claims that to photograph corpses also meant to keep them what?
Alive.
After the Spanish war what territories did the US acquire as colonies?
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
In what war did photographers begin to take pictures of the dead?
The Civil War.
Was Kipling in support of America ruling over the Philippines? Yes or No?
Yes
How many votes did the treaty to take over the Philippines pass by?
One
Like the gun, the camera has been part of the technology of what?
BOOK
Subjugation
How many Filipino civilians died due to famine and disease during the Philippine-American War?
Around 200,000 civilians.
What role did ethnological photography play in classifying native populations during U.S. colonialism?
It categorized Indigenous groups on a “civilization” scale, from “uncivilized” to “civilized”
Who coined the term “White Man’s Burden?"
Rudyard Kipling
What was the purpose of the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation issued by President McKinley?
To establish American rule over the Philippines, positioning it as a "civilizing mission" with military oversight.
Photographing the dead was a way to secure such recognition to those who what?
BOOK
Survived the war.
What was the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation?
A decree made by President Mckinley that established their rule over the Philippines.
Which photographers are most known for documenting the American Civil War and its aftermath?
Alexander Gardner, Timothy O'Sullivan, and Matthew Brady
How did the Filipino soldiers resist U.S. occupation after the Spanish war?
They used guerilla tactics, relying on local support and unconventional warfare.
How did the U.S. control Filipino identity during its colonial rule?
through language, the media, and organizations
Photography registered the circulation of?
Colonialism’s gifts.