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Define Active Inclusion
Formally integrates social movements into political processes, providing them with resources, institutional support, and collaborative decision-making roles within government
Define Active Exclusion
Deliberately suppresses social movements by restricting their political access and suppressing dissent through stringent policies or legal measures
Define Passive Inclusion
Permits social movements limited access to political processes through established channels without actively encouraging or fully integrating their participation in decision-making
Define Passive Exclusion
Subtly limits social movements, allowing them public visibility but excluding them from meaningful influence in formal policy-making processes
Define Pluralism
A variety of interest groups have the opportunity to influence government, without any one group holding dominance. Social movements and organizations engage through established channels, often lobbying and participating in regulatory processes. This passive inclusivity allows diverse groups to attempt policy influence, though success can vary based on political access and resources
Define Corporatism
A political system where the state formally integrates specific organized interest groups, like business, labor, and environmental groups, into the decision-making process. Features close cooperation between the government and select interest groups, which are given institutionalized roles in shaping policies. Often results in a collaborative but potentially restrictive relationship between these groups and the state
Norway is an example of
Active Inclusion through corporatism
Germany is an example of
Passive Exclusion through legal corporatism
How does Norway's System of Active Inclusion through Corporatism work?
Labor, government, business, and environmental groups collaborate extensively. The state financially supports environmental organizations and integrates them into policymakinWhile the model promotes cooperation, it also limits independence for groups reliant on government funding, with many groups focusing on non-contentious environmental issues. Conflicts have arisen around hydropower projects, sparking civil disobedience and public demonstrations
How does Germany's system work? (Passive Exclusion)
Environmental organizations are often marginalized within a legalistic and hierarchical state system. They have had significant successes, like halting the construction of nuclear plants, achieved through local protests and legal action. However, systemic challenges make these wins more difficult.
The US is an example of
Pluralism, passive inclusion
The UK is an example of
Active Exclusion
Explain differences between Japan, the US and Germany in terms of the birth of environmental movements
- Japan: Rapid industrialization led to severe pollution crises, sparking citizen-led protests
- Germany: environmental movements initially focused on nature conservation, pollution from industrial activities spurred more activism by the 1970s
- US: Legal frameworks such as the Clean Air Act and NEPA became significant in integrating environmental considerations into policy-making.
What happened in Minamata?
Minamata disease (mercury poisoning) from industrial activity
What causes itai itai disease?
cadmium poisoning
Explain political divergence surrounding the kyoto protocol
Germany championed the Kyoto Protocol's binding targets, while the U.S. withdrew under the Bush administration, citing economic concerns. Japan, as the protocol’s host, played a mediating role but struggled with domestic economic priorities