Humanism
What worldview placed humans at the center of history?
Anthropocentrism
In which country did the Renaissance begin?
Italy
Who invented the movable-type printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
Who reached America in 1492?
Christopher Columbus
Which two crowns were united by Isabel and Fernando?
Castilla and Aragón
What languages did many Humanists promote?
Latin and Greek
What painting technique created the illusion of depth?
Perspective
Which scientist defended heliocentrism using a telescope?
Galileo Galilei
Which treaty divided newly discovered lands between Portugal and Castilla?
Treaty of Tordesillas
What institution persecuted heresy in Spain?
The Inquisition
Why were patrons important during the Renaissance?
Because they financed artists and Humanist thinkers.
What materials were commonly used in Renaissance sculpture?
Marble, bronze, and wood
Why did the printing press help Humanism spread?
Because books became cheaper and ideas spread more quickly.
Why did Columbus want to sail west?
To find a new route to Asia.
Why did the Catholic Monarchs want religious unity?
To strengthen their authority and political control.
What type of centers did Humanists create to teach their ideas?
Academies
Explain one characteristic of Renaissance architecture.
It used harmony, proportion, and classical elements.
What theory did Copernicus develop?
Heliocentrism
Why were the Canary Islands important before the discovery of America?
They helped Europeans practice Atlantic exploration and colonization.
Who were the moriscos?
Muslims who converted to Christianity in Spain.
Explain one difference between Humanism and medieval thinking.
Humanism focused more on humans and reason, while medieval thinking focused mainly on God.
What was sfumato?
A painting technique using blurred contours and soft transitions.
Why were some scientific discoveries opposed by the Church?
Because they contradicted traditional religious beliefs.
What were the Capitulations of Santa Fe?
An agreement supporting Columbus’ voyage and granting him titles and rewards.
Explain one consequence of the religious policy of the Catholic Monarchs.
Religious minorities were persecuted, expelled, or forced to convert.