LAW & ORDER: SPECIAL TACTICS UNIT
This 1972/1973 experiment in Missouri found that the level of patrol had no clear effect on suppressible crimes, challenging traditional policing assumptions.
What is the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment?
This type of prosecution policy requires prosecution in domestic violence cases if the evidence supports it, ignoring the victim's preference.
What is no-drop prosecution (or evidence-based prosecution)?
This correctional facility has the most secure level of confinement available and is typically reserved for the most violent and disruptive inmates.
What is a supermax prison?
A sentence during which the offender serves time in the community under supervision, subject to specified conditions like refraining from drug use.
What is probation?
These specialized courts are designed to deal with one specific, troublesome offense type, such as drug abuse or domestic violence.
What are problem-solving courts?
This federal legislation enacted in 1994 created the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services and awarded over $11 billion in grants to local law enforcement
What is the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994?
An agreement between prosecutor and defense attorney where the defendant pleads guilty in exchange for a reduced charge or sentencing recommendation.
What is plea bargaining?
This sentencing strategy requires a lengthy prison term for an offender convicted after multiple felonies, usually a serious one.
What is three-strikes legislation?
These short-term correctional facilities follow military structure and discipline, usually reserved for people convicted of minor offenses.
What are boot camps?
This practice penalizes offenders by appealing to emotions, such as requiring public apologies to victims.
What is shaming?
This policing strategy concentrates the police presence in areas where certain crimes are a significant problem, often targeting 'hot spots'.
What is directed patrol?
This approach to crime control is intended to improve cooperation between prosecutors and individuals outside the criminal justice system, such as community members and business leaders.
What is community prosecution?
This practice involves denying bail to certain presumably dangerous defendants before trial.
What is preventive detention?
This phenomenon occurs when intermediate sanctions bring more and more people under some form of social control than originally intended.
What is net widening?
This Australian criminologist developed the concept of 'reintegrative shaming,' which merges shaming with restorative justice principles.
Who is John Braithwaite?
This theory suggests that physical decay in a community, such as abandoned buildings, can breed disorder and lead to more serious crime by signaling that laws are not being enforced.
What is the broken windows theory?
This Boston youth gun violence intervention strategy, later replicated nationwide, became known for its focused deterrence approach.
What is Operation Ceasefire?
This phenomenon occurs when a reduction of discretion in one area of criminal justice simply pushes that discretion somewhere else.
What is hydraulic displacement of discretion?
Also called community residential centers, these facilities are intended to ease the transition to regular life for recently-released prison inmates.
What are halfway houses?
This approach brings all parties with a stake in a particular offense together to collectively resolve how to deal with its aftermath.
What is restorative justice?
This approach to law enforcement emphasizes identifying and solving specific problems like speeding, panhandling, or drug sales rather than just responding to calls.
What is problem-oriented policing?
This process allows local prosecutors to temporarily act as uncompensated Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys to prosecute cases federally.
What is cross-designation?
This sentencing strategy seeks to identify dangerous offenders and imprison them for lengthy periods, targeting specific high-risk individuals.
What is selective incapacitation?
This sentence requires the convicted offender to wear a device capable of alerting authorities to his or her whereabouts, usually accompanying home confinement.
What is electronic monitoring?
This type of court views law as a helping profession rather than a punishment mechanism, giving more attention to offenders' behavior, emotions, and mental health.
What is therapeutic jurisprudence (or what are domestic violence courts)?