thought of enlightenment
Which Enlightenment thinker believed people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property?
Who is John Locke
What economic system is based on private ownership and competition?
What is capitalism?
What form of government in England limits the power of the monarch with a constitution?
What is constitutional monarchy
What is one reason the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain?
Which philosopher wrote The Communist Manifesto?
Who is Karl Marx
What area allows a foreign power economic control without direct political rule?
What is the Sphere of Influence
Which thinker argued that government should be divided into branches to prevent abuse of power?
Who is Montesquieu
What belief holds that government should not interfere in the economy?
What is Laissez-faire
What was one major financial cause of the French Revolution?
What is heavy taxation on the Third Estate
What major change occurred in where people lived due to industrialization?
What is urbanization
What reform movement aimed to end slavery?
What is the Abolitionist movement
What type of war mobilizes entire societies to support the war effort?
What is Total War
Who wrote The Social Contract and argued that sovereignty rests with the people?
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What agreement explains the rights and responsibilities between citizens and their government?
What is Social Contract
What was one long-term outcome of the French Revolution?
What is the end of absolute monarchy and the spread of democratic ideas
What new social class owned factories during industrialization?
What is the Bourgeoisie
What system aims to reduce inequality while allowing private ownership?
What is socialism
What is one new military technology introduced during World War I?
What are Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, submarines, or airplanes
Why would Montesquieu argue that dividing government power protects individual liberty?
By separating powers among branches, no single group can gain too much control, which prevents tyranny and protects citizens’ freedoms.
Why did executions and violence cause some to lose faith in Enlightenment ideas?
It showed that Enlightenment ideas about reason and liberty could lead to chaos and oppression instead of freedom
Identify a key event of the French Revolution and its significance
Storming of the Bastille (symbolized the fight against tyranny)
the Tennis Court Oath (showed unity and demand for reform)
the Reign of Terror (demonstrated how the revolution became violent and unstable)
What was an immediate effect of industrialization?
What is urbanization
What is the main difference between Adam Smith and Karl Marx?
Adam Smith supported capitalism and private ownership, believing free markets benefit society, while Karl Marx argued that capitalism exploits workers and believed the means of production should be owned collectively
How did total war affect civilians?
Total war required civilians to support the war effort through rationing, factory work, and government control of resources, meaning civilians were directly affected by the war.
Why did Thomas Hobbes believe people needed a strong central government?
Hobbes believed that without a strong government, society would fall into chaos and violence, so people must give up freedoms for security and order.
How does the idea of “consent of the governed” challenge absolute monarchy?
It argues that government power comes from the people, not from divine right, meaning rulers need public approval to govern legitimately.
Why did the violence of the French Revolution cause some people to lose faith in Enlightenment ideas?
The widespread executions and chaos during events like the Reign of Terror showed that reason and liberty could lead to violence instead of stability.
How did industrialization affect workers’ lives?
Industrialization led to long working hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions, and child labor, especially before labor laws were created
How did reform movements influence Latin America?
Reform movements inspired independence movements by spreading ideas about equality, freedom, and self‑government, leading many Latin American colonies to break away from European rule.
Why did alliances turn a regional conflict into WWI?
Alliances forced countries to defend their allies, so when one nation went to war, others were pulled in, causing the conflict to spread across Europe and become a world war.