Key terms
Implicit attitudes
increase
Devos and Banaji study (2005) American versus Foreign concepts. Results?
American symbols paired with pleasant words were paired more quickly than when paired with unpleasant words
T/F: Implicit attitudes are malleable.
True
These are based on controlled, intentional processes
Explicit attitudes
Greenwald and Banaji (1955) concluded that implicit attitudes reflect ______________?
Traces of past experiences
Rudman, Ashmore, Gary 2001. Diversity training. Results?
Diversity training was found to reduce prejudice towards African Americans. This proved that experiences affecting implicit attitudes can be recent.
The idea that your opinion of pineapple on pizza could vary depending if you recently enjoyed Hawaiian pizza with friends as opposed to if you are with peers that violently oppose sweet fruit on savory pizza supports what view?
Constructivist view
What is the difference between theoretical and empirical insights?
Theoretical insights involve logic and theories; they use existing ideas to create new conceptual frameworks. Empirical insights are formed from knowledge derived from direct observation.
T/F: Experiences that impact implicit attitudes must be from early life.
False. These experiences can be recent.
Swanson, Rudman, Greenwald 2001. Smokers explicit vs implicit attitudes towards smoking. Results?
Smokers spoke positively (outwardly) about smoking, but their implicit attitudes were as negative as those of nonsmokers
T/F: The constructivist view is not supported by many theorists.
False
What is implicit egotism?
the tendency to favor people, places, and things that resemble or signify oneself
The example about smokers' attitudes towards smoking is reflective of which foundation of implicit attitudes?
Cultural evaluations
McConnell and Leibold, 2001. IAT performance related to attitudes towards blacks individuals vs white individuals. Results?
The more that IAT performance reflected a negative attitude towards blacks as opposed to whites, the more negative their interaction was with a black experimenter
How would you define a constructivist view?
Attitudes are not simply retrieved from memory; they are constructed on the spot using contextual information and subsets of associated knowledge
What does IAT stand for, and what does it measure and how?
Implicit Association Test. This test measures the strength of association between concepts by observing the ease (or lack thereof) with which participants pair or discriminate stimuli representative of these concepts.
In Nuttin's 1985 study, individuals were tasked with choosing between two letters (one from their name, one not). What were the results of this, and which foundation of implicit attitudes do these results support?
Overwhelmingly, participants chose the letter in their name. This supports the "self-related attitude objects" foundation of implicit attitudes.
Ajzen and Gilbert Cote on EXPLICIT attitudes and behavior. What did they conclude?
Explicit attitudes are NOT always indicative of behavior
Gawronski and Bodenhausen study (2006). Performances that reflect implicit attitudes vary based on what three factors?
cognitive, motivational, and contextual factors