1: Introduction to Psychological Disorders,
In the United States, the most common tool for describing disorders and estimating how often they occur.
What is the DSM/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?
This disorder is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
What is PTSD/post-traumatic stress disorder?
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.
What is mania?
A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
What is schizophrenia?
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.
What is client-centered therapy?
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
What is epigenetics?
To stave off anxious thoughts and feelings (including physical symptoms such as sweating and trembling), people with this disorder may avoid going out at all.
What is social anxiety disorder?
A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
What is major depressive disorder?
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.
What are psychotic disorders?
Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
What are insight therapies?
This model suggests that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder.
What is the stress vulnerability model or the also diathesis-stress model?
Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.
What is agoraphobia?
Clusters of genes associated with a high degree of this characteristic increase the likelihood of having bipolar disorder. This characteristic is also positively correlated with risk factors for developing bipolar disorder.
What is creativity?
If a person with schizophrenia has these, they may believe they are being threatened or pursued.
What are paranoid tendencies?
Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
What is counterconditioning?
In the 1800s, the discovery of this infection's effects on the mind triggered an eager search for physical causes of other mental disorders and for treatments that would cure them.
What is syphilis?
Obsessive thoughts are unwanted and so repetitive it may seem they will never go away. The responses to these thoughts are known are referred to as this.
What are compulsive behaviors?
This perspective explores how people’s assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive.
What is the social-cognitive perspective?
Some clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of this disorder and think of it as a natural, protective response to traumatic experiences during childhood.
What is post-traumatic stress disorder?
These therapies assume that our thinking colors our feelings.
What are cognitive therapies?
Although many disorders tend to be associated with certain cultures, these two disorders occur worldwide (must name both to get the points).
What are schizophrenia and major depressive disorder?
One theory as to why some people develop PTSD after a traumatic event and others don't suggests that increased sensitivity in this emotion-processing system floods the body with stress hormones.
What is the limbic system?
Neuroscientists have also discovered altered brain structures in people with bipolar disorder. These studies discovered a decrease in this brain structure?
What are myelinated axons?
In people with antisocial criminal tendencies, the and this region of the brain is less active.
What are the frontal lobes?
To treat alcohol use disorder, the therapist may offer the client appealing drinks laced with a drug that produces severe nausea. If that therapy links alcohol with violent nausea, the person’s reaction to alcohol may change from positive to negative. This scenario is an example of this.
What is aversive conditioning?