Cell Signaling (9)
autocrine signaling
the outermost layer of the skin, provides a waterproof barrier, protects against pathogens, and generates new skin cells
epidermis
binary fission is often seen in what kind of organisms?
prokaryotes, such as bacteria
the source of all genetic variation
mutations
the four requirements for cell signaling
signaling cell, signaling molecule, responding cell, receptor protein
cilia and flagella are examples of
microtubules
protective caps of repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes
telomeres
A different amino acid is produced, potentially altering the protein's function.
long distance cell signaling that is mainly molecules traveling through the bloodstream
endocrine signaling
support cell shape, reinforce and organize proteins in the membrane
microfilaments
5' to 3'
the presence of two or more variations (alleles) of a gene within a population
polymorphism
the process where two receptor molecules bind together to form a dimer, which is required for the activation of signaling pathway
dimerization
transmembrane adhesion proteins that bind adjacent cells
cadherins
Okazaki fragments are joined together by the enzyme ___ to form a continuous strand
DNA ligase
A mutation in which a single nucleotide base in the DNA sequence is altered.
point mutation
the reason that steroids/nonpolar signals don’t need extracellular domains on receptors
they are hydrophobic (lipid-soluble)
in what direction do kinesins move in
the + (plus) direction
name each step in both interphase and the M phase, in order
interphase: G0, G1, S, G2 --> mitosis: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
aka "jumping genes," DNA sequences that can move from one location to another within the genome
transposons