nutrients
What are the two main types of nutrients, and which one contains carbon?
Organic (contains carbon) and inorganic
Name the three parts of the small intestine.
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
Name the three monosaccharides and a source for each.
Glucose (blood sugar), Fructose (fruit sugar), Galactose (part of lactose).
What are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
What are triglycerides composed of?
glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains
How many kcals per gram do carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provide?
Carbs: 4 kcal/gram, Protein: 4 kcal/gram, Fat: 9 kcal/gram.
What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?
It allows chyme to pass from the stomach to the duodenum.
What are the disaccharides and their components?
Sucrose (glucose+fructose), Lactose (glucose+galactose), Maltose (glucose+glucose).
What is a complete protein, and give an example?
A protein with all essential amino acids; e.g., animal protein.
Name sources and health effect of saturated fats.
raises LDL cholesterol; palm, kernel, coconut, butter; solid at room temp
What does DRI stand for, and what are the four main types?
Dietary Reference Intakes; EAR, RDA, AI, UL.
What is chyme, and what is its pH?
A semi-liquid mass of partly digested food; pH < 7 (acidic)
What are two types of fiber, what do they do? and what is a source of each?
Soluble- heart health (oats), Insoluble- GI health (wheat bran)
How does the body handle excess amino acids?
Converts them to urea and excretes them in urine.
What is the difference between cis and trans fats?
Cis fats have hydrogens on the same side of the double bond; trans fats have them on opposite sides
What is the difference between enriched and fortified foods?
Enriched replaces nutrients lost during processing; fortified adds nutrients not originally present.
Which organ produces bile, and what is its role in digestion?
The liver. It breaks down fat
Describe condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
What is positive nitrogen balance, and when does it occur?
More nitrogen is retained than excreted; occurs during growth or pregnancy.
What are linoleic and linolenic acids, and where are they found?
Linoleic (Omega-6, found in vegetable oils), Linolenic (Omega-3, found in fatty fish).
What percentage of total daily calories should come from fat?
20-35%.
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
The SI
What is the role of insulin and glucagon in blood sugar regulation?
Insulin lowers blood sugar; glucagon raises it. Explain how also
Name two protein functions and examples.
What are the roles of HDL and LDL cholesterol?
HDL protects against heart attack; LDL increases risk of heart attack.