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Chapter 3

100

What key components are shared by all (i.e. prokaryotic and eukaryotic) cells?

a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA

200

3 key differences of prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic

Lack nucleus, smaller, no membrane bound organelles

300

In the three domain system, which domain(s) do prokaryotic cells belong to?

Bacteria and archaea

400

Explain how prokaryotic cells reproduce/divide

binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells by replicating its DNA and then splitting the cell contents into two separate compartments

500

What makes up cytoplasm?

water, salts, various organic molecules, and organelles suspended within a gel-like substance called cytosol, along with the structural protein network known as the cytoskeleton

Organelles

100

Nucleus

 store and protect the cell's genetic material (DNA

200

Ribosomes

synthesize proteins

300

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesize proteins

synthesize lipids

400

Golgi apparatus

sorts packages and distributes 

500

Lysosomes
i. Peroxisomes

break down waste and harmful substances to maintain cellular function. 

Lysol of the cell, removes waster

chap 3/6

100

What makes up the endomembrane system

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles

200

Compare and contrast a plant and animal cell.

the key difference lies in the presence of a cell wall in plant cells, which gives them a rigid structure, while animal cells lack this wall and are more flexibl

300

List the 4 components of the plasma membrane. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

1. phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

2. Fluid, mosaic, semi permeable

400

Explain how the cell membrane is selectively permeable

it only lets certain things in and out

500

Define passive transport.
 What is diffusion and what types of molecules are able to diffuse across the plasma membrane

Passive transport refers to the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy.

Small non polar, large non polar, small polar.

chap 6

100

Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

• A solution with the same concentration of solute as another solution 

  
  

  
  
  • A solution with a lower concentration of solute than another solution 

    
    

    
    
    • A solution with a higher concentration of solute than another solution 

200

Define active transport. Describe the electrochemical gradient

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient.

a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.

300

What ions are being pumped across the membrane and where?

Na+, 3, out 

K+,in,2

400

How is secondary active transport different from primary active transport?

secondary active transport uses the energy stored in an existing ion concentration gradient (established by primary active transport) to move a molecule against its concentration gradient, while primary active transport directly uses ATP hydrolysis to move a molecule against its concentration gradient

500

Compare and contrast the two types of bulk active transport.
What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

The two types of bulk active transport are endocytosis (bringing substances into the cell) and exocytosis

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor meditated membrane

chap 6

100

Which phase is not part of the replicative cell cycle?

G0 phase

200

explain the cellular events taking place during each phase of interphase:
a. G1 phase
b. S phase
c. G2 phase

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  G1 phase (Gap 1):During this phase, the cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and organelles needed for DNA replication. It also increases in size and prepares for the upcoming DNA synthesis. 

  
  

  
  

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  S phase (Synthesis):In the S phase, the cell replicates its DNA, creating two identical copies of each chromosome. This is the crucial step for ensuring that the daughter cells will have the same genetic material as the parent cell. 

  
  

  
  

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  G2 phase (Gap 2):After DNA replication, the cell enters the G2 phase where it further grows, synthesizes proteins needed for mitosis, and checks for any errors in the replicated DNA. The cell also prepares the necessary structures for cell division, like the spindle fibers. 

  
  

  
  

300

Explain each of the 5 miotic phases

a. Prophase-chromosomes begin to condense, nuclear envelope breaking down, spindle aparatus forms.
b. Prometaphase- chromosomes still condensing, spindle forms, nuclear envelope is gone, membranes move over.
c. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up
d. Anaphase-chromosomes separate
e. Telophase- chromosomes begin to decondense and seperate, start of cytokenisis. 

400

What is cytokinesis?

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

500

Explain each checkpoint:

a. G1 checkpoint-

G1 Checkpoint: This checkpoint occurs at the end of the G1 phase, evaluating if the cell is healthy enough to replicate its DNA by checking for sufficient nutrients, cell size, and DNA integrity; if damage is detected, the cell will either repair it or undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis
b. Mitotic checkpoint- Checks to see if spindles are attached to all chromosomes
c. G2 checkpoint- Located at the end of the G2 phase, this checkpoint verifies that DNA replication has been completed successfully and that the replicated DNA is not damaged