supporting evidence
numerical data
statistical inference
The concluding part of an argumentative text that reinforces the writer’s position.
conclusion
A technique that highlights favorable information while concealing unfavorable facts or disadvantages.
card stacking
A claim that expresses a judgment about what is good, bad, better, worse, or desirable.
value
A text organization that explains the reasons an event happens and the results that follow.
cause-effect
facts and verifiable information
factual knowledge
The component that presents the opposing viewpoint to the writer’s main position.
counterclaim
A technique that repeats a message excessively to make it familiar and memorable.
ad nauseum
The type of claim that answers whether something is true, exists, or has occurred.
fact
A pattern that organizes information by identifying a difficulty and explaining its consequences before presenting a possible remedy.
problem-solution
graphs, charts, and patterns
statistical inference
The central position or stand that a writer wants to establish in an argumentative text.
claim
A technique that labels a person or an idea negatively.
name calling
A claim that argues that a particular action, rule, or policy should or should not be implemented.
policy
A pattern that arranges events, processes, or instructions according to their order in time.
logical sequence
experts and credible sources
informed opinion
The component that responds to an opposing viewpoint by explaining why it is weak or incorrect.
rebuttal
A technique that uses a respected or admired person’s endorsement to influence the audience’s opinion.
testimonial
The type of claim that recommends a change in behavior, practice, regulation.
policy
A pattern that presents a central idea followed by details that explain, describe, or support it.
logical sequence
first-hand experiences
personal testimony
The statements that explain why the writer’s central position should be accepted.
reason
A technique that encourages acceptance by suggesting that joining the majority is the best way to avoid being left out.
bandwagon
The type of claim that depends on standards, beliefs, or criteria used to evaluate quality or worth.
value
A pattern that explains how one event or condition produces another event or outcome.
cause-effect