Human Growth, Development, and Diversity
Who developed the eight stages of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
Who developed person-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
Who developed the trait-factor theory of career counseling?
Frank Parsons
What is a z-score?
Number of standard deviations a score is from the mean
What are the six moral principles in the ACA Code of Ethics?
Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, fidelity, veracity
According to Piaget, what stage involves conservation and logical reasoning?
Concrete Operational
Name Rogers’s three core conditions.
Empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence
What are the six personality types in Holland’s theory?
(RIASEC — Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional)
Define reliability
Consistency or stability of test results
What is the difference between confidentiality and privilege?
Confidentiality = ethical duty; Privilege = legal right to withhold information in court.
What does the “A” in the ADDRESSING model stand for?
Age and generational influences
What is the focus of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?
Changing maladaptive thoughts to influence behavior and emotion.
What are the five stages of group development?
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning
What is predictive validity
How well a test forecasts future performance
What should a counselor do if subpoenaed for client records?
Consult with client and legal counsel before releasing any records.
What is the “Zone of Proximal Development” and who created it?
Distance between what a learner can do independently and with guidance — Vygotsky
Which theory uses the ABC model (Activating event, Belief, Consequence)?
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy — Ellis
What does cohesion refer to in group work?
Sense of belonging and trust among members
What is the difference between a descriptive and an inferential statistic?
Descriptive = summarizes data; Inferential = draws conclusions about a population
What is informed consent and when must it be obtained?
Client’s voluntary agreement to treatment, obtained before services begin.
Define acculturation vs. assimilation
Acculturation = adapting to another culture while retaining identity; Assimilation = full absorption into dominant culture
What is countertransference?
Counselor’s emotional reaction to the client.
In Super’s theory, what does life-space refer to?
The different roles an individual plays across life contexts.
In research, what is a Type I error?
Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis — a false positive.
Define dual relationship and give an example.
When the counselor has another significant relationship with the client, e.g., therapist and business partner.