Cardiac
A patient complains of chest pain whenever they mow their lawn or go for a jog, but explain the pain goes away when they come inside and sit down or take a nitroglycerin tablet. What kind of angina is this?
Stable angina -- it is predictable and responds to rest and / or meds.
How would you stage a pressure injury where you see a blister but no subcutaneous tissue?
Stage 2
What is the medical term for eczema?
atopic dermatitis
A sunburn is an example of what degree burn?
First degree
What type of immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions?
A patient had a cesarian section where she lost 1700 ml of blood. She is now experiencing symptoms of shock like low BP, tachycardia, and confusion. What kind of shock do you expect she has?
Hypovolemic shock from the blood loss during surgery
What bacteria most often leads to necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)?
Group A streptococcus
You are doing the initial assessment on a caucasian neonate. You note a light brown circular spot on one leg that is several centimeters large. There are no additional spots. What kind of birth mark would you call this? Should you be concerned?
It is likely a "Café au lait" spot which is not a concern if there are only a few. If the baby had more than a few of these, the provider should be contacted as they could indicate a larger issue.
What lab would show you that a patient with HIV has progressed to having HIV-AIDS?
A CD4 cell count of 200 or less indicates AIDS.
What is the main role / purpose of B cells in our immune system?
Create antibodies / act as memory cells to fight against infections
List 2 symptoms of right heart failure and 2 of left heart failure.
Right HF: JVD, edema, ascites, weight gain, etc.
Left HF: crackles in lungs, cough, SOB, etc.
What is the life threatening complication that can occur with urticaria? What is the common name for urticaria?
It can impair breathing if the hives are around the face or neck. Often called hives.
A patient has a red patch with thick silvery / white patches on it. They complain of itchiness and the patch being flaky. What skin condition is this?
Plaque psoriasis
What does the P wave on an EKG represent? What is happening in the heart during this wave?
It represents atrial depolarization, the atria are squeezing / contracting to push blood into ventricles.
What specific blood test is used in diagnosing SLE?
ANA (anti-nuclear antibody test)
You are teaching a class about Peripheral Vascular Disease. Name at least 3 manifestations of PVD patients should be aware of.
pain and intermittent claudication (will see first); numbness; burning; heavy muscles; nonhealing wounds/gangrene; skin color changes; thin, shiny skin; hair loss, thickened, discolored toenails; weak pulses; impotence
Using the rule of nines, calculate the percentage of body surface burned in someone who has burns on the front and back of both arms and the front of the chest.
27%
(Both arms are 9% each for front and back burns, chest is 9% for front only: 4% left front arm + 4% left back arm + 4% right front arm + 4% right back arm + 9% front chest = 27%)
List the symptoms included in Beck’s triad and what condition these symptoms are related to.
low BP/distended jugular veins/muffled heart sounds
Cardiac tamponade
List at least 5 symptoms someone might be having an MI
shortness of breath, chest pain, pain radiating to arm or shoulder or jaw, anxiety, indigestion, dizziness, EKG changes, sleep disturbances, coughing, N/V, etc.
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is T cell mediated and has a delayed response?
Can you name an example of this type of reaction?
Type IV
Ex: TB skin test (if positive, the area injected will swell and get red over 24-48 hours)
Your patient comes in with a heart murmur, Janeway lesions, flu-like symptoms, and a history of IV drug use. What condition do you expect they will be diagnosed with?
Infective endocarditis
What patient education should you provide for a parent of a child born with albinism? Explain treatment / management strategies.
There is no cure but they should use sunscreen, wear glasses / get eye exams, limit time in sun, wear protective clothing, get frequent skin checks
How does passive immunity from mother to fetus work? What immunoglobulin is involved in this as it can pass the placental barrier?
The mother's maternal antibodies (IgG) are transferred to the developing fetus, providing temporary protection against certain diseases until the baby's own immune system matures.
IgG are the ones responsible for this
Explain the 3 stages of the stress response.
1) Alarm: the initial stage, body mobilizes its resources, releases hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness
2) Resistance: The body adapts to the stressor and tries to maintain normal functioning. Hormone levels may decrease, but the body remains on high alert. Can last for a long period of time.
3) Exhaustion: The body can no longer stay on high alert, the body's resources are depleted. The body becomes more susceptible to illness, fatigue, and other health problems.
A patient received a kidney transplant 2 months ago. Today they are reporting fever, pain at the site, flu-like symptoms, and swelling that have been going on for the last week. What kind of transplant rejection is this patient likely experiencing? Is it treatable?
Acute tissue/ transplant reaction. Yes it is treatable. This type occurs within 3 months of the transplant.