Joints
What is a bursa and what does it do?
fluid filled sac that acts as protection
false: diaphysis is the shaft
What is an example of a pathological reflex?
babinski, brudinski, hoffman
True or False: the sciatic nerve doesn't truly exist
True: technically the sciatic nerve is two separate nerves
What is extremely shock absorpant?
fat pads
What is the covering at the ends of your bones?
hyaline cartilage
What is a contracture?
Shortening up of the muscle
What is a tinel sign test?
taping on a nerve to see if you get any tingling
what is a myotome and what is a dermatome?
myotome = group of muscles primarily innervated by a single nerve root
dermatome = area of skin that gets sensory input from a single nerve root
What type of tissue are the menisci?
fibrocartilage
What keeps your joints lubricated?
The joint capsule filled with synovial fluid
What part of the bones do tendons typically attach to?
At what rate do nerves regenerate?
1mm a day or ~1inch a month
Where does upper motor neurons go vs lower motor neurons?
Upper = brain and spinal cord
Lower = anterior nerve root out through plexuses and peripheral nerve
True or false: being hyperreflexive is an indication of a brain injury
true - brain dampens reflexivity as we age
Explain laxity vs instability.
Laxity = a person is genetically loose
instability = joint is unstable
What are the three grades of ligament tears and what is the pain & end point for each?
Grade 1 = little pain firm end point
Grade 2 = pain and mushy end point
Grade 3 = no pain and no end point
If a reflex is absent on what side what motor neuron is it coming from? If it is absent on both sides what motor neuron is it coming from?
1 side = lower motor neuron
both sides = upper motor neuron
When performing myotome testing you have the patient contract and hold for at least 4 seconds. Why?
Because they may be able to contract the muscle since muscles are innervated by multiple nerve roots. However, they won't be able to hold the contraction since the primary nerve root would be severed.
Explain transferance.
If your right leg is in a cast you can do exercises in your left leg and some of the strength will transfer over to your right side.
What are Ts, Fs, and processes?
Ts = tuberosity (large flat bumps), trochanters (large bumps), and tubercles (smaller bumps)
Fs = foramen (hole) and fossa (dips)
Processes = things that stick out
What degree of muscle strain would there be a palpable divot?
2nd degree
What is the Jendrassik maneuver?
It is when you have the patient lock their hands and attempt to pull them apart in order to get them to relax so that you can test other reflexes.
Explain why if you were to sever a nerve at the nerve root you would still have some feeling/motor capabilities verses if you sever a peripheral nerve you would lose all sensory and motor capabilities.
Myotomes and dermatomes are PRIMARILY innervated by one nerve route. However, there are mutliple nerve roots that give sensation and function to a specific part of the body. So if you sever a nerve at the root, the extremity is still getting innervation, albeit a small amount, from other nerve roots. However, if you sever a peripheral nerve, then you are cutting off all sensory and motor capabilities to the affected area.
Explain specificity vs sensitivity. AND what does SpPin and SnNout mean?
sensitivity is how sensitive the test is (it can catch a lot of things)
specificity is how accurate the test is for one specific thing
SpPin = specificity positive rules it in
SnNOut = sensitivity negative rules it out