OA vs. RA
The classification of osteoarthritis where the disorder has an unknown cause.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip has three forms of severity that present unilaterally or bilaterally. Explain each into as much detail as you can.
What are unstable, subluxation and dislocation? Unstable is when hip position is normal but can be manipulated out of place. Sublux is an incomplete dislocation, with femoral head still in contact with the acetabulum. Dislocation is completely out of position.
T/F: Scar tissue alignment is of superior functional quality to that of normal collagen.
False. This is because collagen is laid down in a linear pattern after abrasion, while normal collagen is in a random formation to resist multi-directions of mechanical stress.
The hypothalamus maintains the body's homeostasis by these four components.
What is heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and sleep cycle.
Beta cells: produce insulin, Alpha cells: produce glucagon, Glucose: readily available energy source/sugars that is not stored, Glycogen: stored source of glucose in the liver and muscles (liver storage is used for the body, muscle storage is used primarily for muscles), Glucagon: hormone formed in pancreas by alpha cells that promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver
Symmetrical presentation of joint inflammation with an etiology that is combined of genetic, hormonal and environmental factors.
Explain the positioning of the Pavlik harness.
What is the placement of the hip in flexion and abduction until the joint capsule tightens and the acetabulum is molded to assume a cup shape. Placing the hip in a "closed pack" position.
A prolonged exposure to temperatures below freezing can lead to this localized injury. Would you add pressure to this area of injury? Why or why not?
What is frostbite? No, because the increase in capillary permeability will cause auto-amputation anyway.
Growth hormone influences these four structures of the body. Explain to the best of your ability the outcome of this hormone on each structure.
Adipose: promotes lipolysis, Liver: creates IGF-1 which goes to muscle as another source and increases hypertrophy, Muscle: to prevent atrophy and coverts slow twitch to fast twitch, Bone: promotes formation and growth of bone
Termed insulin deficient, type 1 diabetes is managed by supplemental insulin. If lacking in insulin, the body breaks down fat as fuel, making type 1 diabetes prone to this.
Provide four physical signs that are evidence to diagnose RA
- morning stiffness for up to 1 hour
- arthritis in three or more joints
- arthritis in wrists or hands
- symmetrical appearance
- rheumatoid nodules
- erosion (seen on x-rays)
The etiology of Rickets. Explain what happens to the bone structure.
What is nutritional etiology? Lack of vitamin D found in leafy greens, milks and cheese. Causes lack of skeletal development and curved appearance to bone structure.
What is, an increase in edema from "leaky" vessels, changes in BP, increased risk of infection, and increase in metabolism.
Calcitonin takes calcium from where and deposits it where?
What is other organs, kidneys and blood, deposits in the bone to promote osteoblast activity.
Provide the A1C levels
Pre-diabetic values: 5.7-6.4, Diabetic diagnosis: 6.5 or higher
You are to treat this pathology with mechanical loading and offloading, but not high impact on the joints. For example, walking, biking or the elliptical are great methods in treating this pathology. Also describe how to treat the opposite pathology.
What is OA? To treat RA, NSAIDs, Steriods, DMARDs and biologic agents are prescribed. When patient is not in a "flared" state, promote daily flexibility, aerobic exercise (150 mins/week) and strengthening (2-3x/week)
What is slipped capital femoral epiphysis? The etiology is mixed (genetic, trauma or unknownn) and the population is typically males 14-16 years of age. The head of the femur breaks at the epiphyseal plate, causing severe pain, change in involved leg posture and inability to weight bear. Internal fixation is necessary to treat this pathology.
Contractures occur in this level of a burn.
What is third degree burn?
False
T/F: Most common form of diabetic neuropathy is a motor polyneuropathy, usually affecting the hands and feet and causing symptoms that range from mild tingling, burning, or numbness to a complete loss of motion (usually feet).
False, sensory polyneuropathy is the correct answer, causing loss of sensation.
T/F: Both OA and RA cause biomechanical changes.
True. Note that RA causes mal-alignment of the joints due to bone erosion. OA is an imbalance between the mechanical stresses and the ability of the joint structures to handle the loads.
T/F: To treat Osgood Shlatter disease, you must strengthen the calves and dosiflexors.
T/F: pressure ulcers are caused by unrelieved pressure that can result in ischemic problem, resulting in damaged skin, muscle, underlying tissue and bone.
False, bone is not included in this.
Explain each endocrine organ/gland that was discussed in class and their associated pathologies.
Refer to your notes.
Increase blood glucose levels causes potential build up in arteries, where LDL's enter the intima of the arterial wall and eventually create plaque. The plaque build up can then lead to blood clot, where everything distal to the clot is lacking in nutrients and blood flow. Lack of blood flow causes neighboring nerves to die --> Neuropathy.