Innate and Acquired Immunity
A foreign substance that elicits an immune response is called this...
What is an Antigen?
Name the five immunoglobulin classes and their main function....
IgM- first Ig produced in immune response
IgG-secondary Ig produced in immune response
IgE-involved in allergic reactions
IgA-found in secretions such as tears, saliva, and breast milk
IgD- don't know the function, very low levels detected in plasma.
Define Opsonization...
recognize foreign particles attached to antibody and mark them for destruction by phagocytosis.
This is why IgM is a better complement activator than IgG....
IgM has a pentameter structure meaning it is bigger and the best distance to activate complement than IgG that takes two to activate.
This is one governing body for safety in the laboratory....
OSHA, CDC, CAP, TJC
Two desirable consequences of immunity and two undesirable consequences of immunity....
Desirable: natural resistance, recovery from disease, or acquired resistance.
Undesirable: Allergic/anaphylactic reaction, Transplant reaction, Transfusion reaction, or Autoimmune disease
This is the optimum temperature for IgM and IgG....
IgM = Room Temp 4-22 degrees
IgG = Body Temp ~ 37 degrees
This cell presents processed antigens to T and B Lymphocytes in the specfic immune response....
What is a macrophage?
If a complement pathway stops at C3b, this is the likely outcome.....
Phagocytosis by macrophages
Describe the purpose of the Safety Data Sheets....
gives information about a substance, first aid, risk of exposure, handling, storage, what to do if spills occur
Examples of primary lymphoid and secondary lymphoid tissue...
Primary: Bone Marrow and Thymus
Secondary: Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, GALT
Describe the antibody structure....
2 light and 2 heavy.
Light chain = kappa and lambdaHeavy Chain = determines Ig class
Fab fragments for binding sites
Fc fragment for complement and macrophage receptor
List and describe the four types of T cells
Killer- produces cytotoxin that will kill other cells
Helper-regulated ab production and cell-mediated response
Suppressor-Inhibits Helper
Memory- remembers foreign invades on subsequent exposures
Name the complement proteins that make up the membrane attack complex (MAC)
C5-C9
Define Standard Precaution....
All human blood and other body fluids are treated as
potentially infectious for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other
blood-borne microorganisms that can cause disease in human beings.
This is the clinical signficance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in inflammation and coronary heart disease...
Inflammation of the arteries can be a risk factor, linked to increase risk of cardiovascular disease, CRP can be an indicator.
A pregnant woman needs to know if she is immune to the Rubella virus. This class of antibody should be ordered to determine her immune status.....
What is IgG?
Describe the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune response....
The main function is to recognize self from non-self.
Class I-nucleated cells, presents antigen with cytotoxic t cells
Class II- B lymphs, macrophages, activated T lymphs, presents antigen with helper T cell
Class III-minor, secreted proteins/some complement components.
This is the difference between the classical and alternate complement cascade....
C1, C4, and C2 do not participate in alternate, skips directly to C3
Give an example of a pre-analytical error....
Incorrect test request
Specimen obtained from wrong patient
Specimen procured at wrong time
Specimen collected in wrong tube or container
Blood specimens collected in wrong order
Incorrect labeling of specimen
Improper processing of specimen
If I received the Varicella-zoster (Chickenpox) vaccine as a child, I have this type of immunity...
What is Artificial active immunity.?
These are the four phases of antibody response...
Lag phase, Log Phase, Plateau, Decline
Describe the five steps of phagocytosis....
Chemotaxis-phagocyte called to site
Adherence- phagocyte adheres to substance
Engulfment- membrane surrounds invader and engulfs it
Phagosome formation-substance surrounded by phagocytic vacuole
Fusion with lysosome- ingested material fuses with lysosome
Digestion and Destruction- enzymes released, break down engulfed substance
These are some conditions in which we can see elevated levels of complement....
RA, Lupus, Trauma,
This is the difference between accuracy and precision....
Accuracy- how close a test result is to the true value
Precision- how close the test results are to one another when repeated analyses of the same
specimen are performed